Technology and economics of electric vehicle power transfer: insights for the automotive industry

Girish Ghatikar; Mohammad S. Alam

doi:10.1186/s42162-023-00300-4

Technology and economics of electric vehicle power transfer: insights for the automotive industry

Girish Ghatikar^*
, Mohammad S. Alam

^*Corresponding author for this work

General Motors
University of Southern Denmark
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

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Abstract

Battery-based electric vehicles (BEVs) in the United States (U.S.) set a new sales record in 2022, driven by technology, policy, environmental, and economic objectives. However, the rapid deployment of BEVs and charging infrastructure without a careful review of their integration with the electric grid can have negative economic impacts on reliable and resilient electricity supply. Bi-directional power transfer (Bi-Di) vehicle-grid integration technologies and services such as vehicle-to-home or building (V2H/B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) can potentially lower local and system peak demand, improve economics for grid operators, and benefit BEV customers. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive industry are exploring technologies and economics (techno-economics) for Bi-Di services. The study conducted a literature review of eleven case studies in the U.S. and Europe that featured Bi-Di demonstrations from 2005 to 2022 to highlight insights and techno-economic opportunities and challenges for OEMs. The findings should motivate the OEMs to prioritize technology innovation and business models to increase BEV sales and gain continuous revenue from Bi-Di services, which can potentially transition "car makers" to "technology solution" companies.

Original language	English
Article number	46
Journal	Energy Informatics
Volume	6
Issue number	1
ISSN	2520-8942
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-023-00300-4
Publication status	Published - Dec 2023
Externally published	Yes

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the support from General Motors publication staff to allow authors to publish the manuscript. In particular, the authors would like to thank General Motors’ Les Copeland, former CIO, GM EV Commerce, Fleet & Energy and current CIO for GM Global Manufacturing, Supply Chain & Workplace Safety; Don Perigo, Director of Digital Innovation and Emerging Technologies (Energy); Sarah Cohen, Chief Engineer for EV Intelligent Charging System; Scott Koskinen, Director, GM Energy Advanced Planning & Program Management; Gray Bandurski, Executive Director, Software Defined Vehicle Embedded Platforms; Dan Mui, EGM, Charging (Bi-Directional) Systems; Brandon Jones, V2X Charging Program Manager; and Aaron Heckel, Director, Global Electrification and Battery System Integration, for their review and encouragement.

Keywords

Economics
Electric Vehicle (EV)
Electricity markets
EV charging infrastructure
Smart charging
Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) Technologies
Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
Vehicle to Home (V2H)

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10.1186/s42162-023-00300-4Licence: CC BY

Open Access VersionFinal published version, 691 KBLicence: CC BY

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title = "Technology and economics of electric vehicle power transfer: insights for the automotive industry",

abstract = "Battery-based electric vehicles (BEVs) in the United States (U.S.) set a new sales record in 2022, driven by technology, policy, environmental, and economic objectives. However, the rapid deployment of BEVs and charging infrastructure without a careful review of their integration with the electric grid can have negative economic impacts on reliable and resilient electricity supply. Bi-directional power transfer (Bi-Di) vehicle-grid integration technologies and services such as vehicle-to-home or building (V2H/B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) can potentially lower local and system peak demand, improve economics for grid operators, and benefit BEV customers. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive industry are exploring technologies and economics (techno-economics) for Bi-Di services. The study conducted a literature review of eleven case studies in the U.S. and Europe that featured Bi-Di demonstrations from 2005 to 2022 to highlight insights and techno-economic opportunities and challenges for OEMs. The findings should motivate the OEMs to prioritize technology innovation and business models to increase BEV sales and gain continuous revenue from Bi-Di services, which can potentially transition {"}car makers{"} to {"}technology solution{"} companies.",

keywords = "Economics, Electric Vehicle (EV), Electricity markets, EV charging infrastructure, Smart charging, Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) Technologies, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Home (V2H)",

author = "Girish Ghatikar and Alam, \{Mohammad S.\}",

note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from General Motors publication staff to allow authors to publish the manuscript. In particular, the authors would like to thank General Motors{\textquoteright} Les Copeland, former CIO, GM EV Commerce, Fleet \& Energy and current CIO for GM Global Manufacturing, Supply Chain \& Workplace Safety; Don Perigo, Director of Digital Innovation and Emerging Technologies (Energy); Sarah Cohen, Chief Engineer for EV Intelligent Charging System; Scott Koskinen, Director, GM Energy Advanced Planning \& Program Management; Gray Bandurski, Executive Director, Software Defined Vehicle Embedded Platforms; Dan Mui, EGM, Charging (Bi-Directional) Systems; Brandon Jones, V2X Charging Program Manager; and Aaron Heckel, Director, Global Electrification and Battery System Integration, for their review and encouragement. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",

year = "2023",

month = dec,

doi = "10.1186/s42162-023-00300-4",

language = "English",

volume = "6",

journal = "Energy Informatics",

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AU - Ghatikar, Girish

AU - Alam, Mohammad S.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from General Motors publication staff to allow authors to publish the manuscript. In particular, the authors would like to thank General Motors’ Les Copeland, former CIO, GM EV Commerce, Fleet & Energy and current CIO for GM Global Manufacturing, Supply Chain & Workplace Safety; Don Perigo, Director of Digital Innovation and Emerging Technologies (Energy); Sarah Cohen, Chief Engineer for EV Intelligent Charging System; Scott Koskinen, Director, GM Energy Advanced Planning & Program Management; Gray Bandurski, Executive Director, Software Defined Vehicle Embedded Platforms; Dan Mui, EGM, Charging (Bi-Directional) Systems; Brandon Jones, V2X Charging Program Manager; and Aaron Heckel, Director, Global Electrification and Battery System Integration, for their review and encouragement. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

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N2 - Battery-based electric vehicles (BEVs) in the United States (U.S.) set a new sales record in 2022, driven by technology, policy, environmental, and economic objectives. However, the rapid deployment of BEVs and charging infrastructure without a careful review of their integration with the electric grid can have negative economic impacts on reliable and resilient electricity supply. Bi-directional power transfer (Bi-Di) vehicle-grid integration technologies and services such as vehicle-to-home or building (V2H/B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) can potentially lower local and system peak demand, improve economics for grid operators, and benefit BEV customers. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive industry are exploring technologies and economics (techno-economics) for Bi-Di services. The study conducted a literature review of eleven case studies in the U.S. and Europe that featured Bi-Di demonstrations from 2005 to 2022 to highlight insights and techno-economic opportunities and challenges for OEMs. The findings should motivate the OEMs to prioritize technology innovation and business models to increase BEV sales and gain continuous revenue from Bi-Di services, which can potentially transition "car makers" to "technology solution" companies.

AB - Battery-based electric vehicles (BEVs) in the United States (U.S.) set a new sales record in 2022, driven by technology, policy, environmental, and economic objectives. However, the rapid deployment of BEVs and charging infrastructure without a careful review of their integration with the electric grid can have negative economic impacts on reliable and resilient electricity supply. Bi-directional power transfer (Bi-Di) vehicle-grid integration technologies and services such as vehicle-to-home or building (V2H/B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) can potentially lower local and system peak demand, improve economics for grid operators, and benefit BEV customers. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the automotive industry are exploring technologies and economics (techno-economics) for Bi-Di services. The study conducted a literature review of eleven case studies in the U.S. and Europe that featured Bi-Di demonstrations from 2005 to 2022 to highlight insights and techno-economic opportunities and challenges for OEMs. The findings should motivate the OEMs to prioritize technology innovation and business models to increase BEV sales and gain continuous revenue from Bi-Di services, which can potentially transition "car makers" to "technology solution" companies.

KW - Economics

KW - Electric Vehicle (EV)

KW - Electricity markets

KW - EV charging infrastructure

KW - Smart charging

KW - Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) Technologies

KW - Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

KW - Vehicle to Home (V2H)

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DO - 10.1186/s42162-023-00300-4

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85176953121

SN - 2520-8942

VL - 6

JO - Energy Informatics

JF - Energy Informatics

IS - 1

M1 - 46

ER -

Technology and economics of electric vehicle power transfer: insights for the automotive industry

Abstract

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Keywords

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