Smoking is associated with increased adrenal responsiveness, decreased prolactin levels and a more adverse lipid profile in 650 white patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

We investigated the associations between smoking status and metabolic risk factors and sex hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The study was designed as a retrospective trans-sectional study including 650 white premenopausal women with the diagnoses hirsutism or PCOS divided according to smoking status: non-smokers (NS-PCOS = 390) and smokers (S-PCOS = 260). One hundred and nineteen healthy women were studied as controls (NS-Control = 105, S-Control = 14). Patients and controls underwent clinical evaluation, hormone analyses, transvaginal ultrasound, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) tests. S-PCOS has significantly higher fasting lipid profile and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels (basal and ACTH-stimulated) than NS-PCOS patients, whereas prolactin levels were decreased. No significant differences were found in body composition and measures of insulin resistance between NS-PCOS and S-PCOS. PCO was more prevalent in NS-PCOS patients. During multiple regression analyses, smoking was positively associated with 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein and inversely associated with prolactin and high-density lipoprotein. We concluded that smoking was associated with increased adrenal responsiveness, decreased prolactin levels and a more adverse lipid profile in PCOS patients, whereas smoking was unassociated with body composition and insulin resistance. Smoking may be associated with the prevalence of individual Rotterdam criteria.