Multiplicative Complexity of Vector Valued Boolean Functions

We consider the multiplicative complexity of Boolean functions with multiple bits of output, studying how large a multiplicative complexity is necessary and sufficient to provide a desired nonlinearity. For so-called ΣΠΣ circuits, we show that there is a tight connection between error correcting codes and circuits computing functions with high nonlinearity. Combining this with known coding theory results, we show that functions with n inputs and n outputs with the highest possible nonlinearity must have at least 2.32n AND gates. We further show that one cannot prove stronger lower bounds by only appealing to the nonlinearity of a function; we show a bilinear circuit computing a function with almost optimal nonlinearity with the number of AND gates being exactly the length of such a shortest code. Additionally we provide a function which, for general circuits, has multiplicative complexity at least 2n−3. Finally we study the multiplicative complexity of “almost all” functions. We show that every function with n bits of input and m bits of output can be computed using at most 2.5(1+o(1))m2 ⁿ AND gates.