Heuristic Variants for A* Search in 3D Flight Planning

A crucial component of a flight plan to be submitted for approval to a control authority in the pre-flight phase is the prescription of a sequence of airways and airway points in the sky that an aircraft has to follow to cover a given route. The generation of such a path in the 3D network that models the airways must respect a number of constraints. They generally state that if a set of points or airways is visited then another set of points or airways must be avoided or visited. Paths are then selected on the basis of cost considerations. The cost of traversing an airway depends, directly, on fuel consumption and on traversing time, and, indirectly, on weight and on weather conditions. Path finding algorithms based on A* search are commonly used in automatic planning. However, the constraints and the dependency structure of the costs invalidate the classic domination criterion in these algorithms. A common approach to tackle the increased computational effort is to decompose the problem heuristically into a sequence of horizontal and vertical route optimizations. Using techniques recently designed for the simplified 2D context, we address the 3D problem directly. We compare the direct approach with the decomposition approach. We enhance both approaches with ad hoc heuristics that exploit the expected appeal of routes to speed-up the solution process. We show that, on data resembling those arising in the context of European airspaces, the direct approach is computationally practical and leads to results of better quality than the decomposition approach.