Factors contributing to implementation of a father-friendly neonatal intensive care unit in Denmark

Objective: Although family-centred care (FCC) is recommended in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), barriers still exist. This study aimed to identify and understand and nurse-related factors contributing to the implementation of a father-friendly NICU (FF-NICU). Methods: Eleven pre- and post-implementation focus groups were conducted with 21 nurses. Data were analysed using meaning condensation. Results: Four pre-implementation themes emerged: 1) fathers' limited presence, 2) worries, vulnerability, and emotions, 3) types of fathers, and 4) involvement of fathers. Eight themes contributed to the implementation of FF-NICU: 1) Advantage for the infant/family, 2) Presence of fathers, 3) Less work for the nurses, 4) Daily work routines, 5) Taking something from the mother, 6) Different approaches, 7) Creativity and flexibility, and 8) Implementation process. Conclusion: Important for the implementation of FF-NICU were that the change was necessary, advantageous for the nurses, and beneficial for the families. Still, nurses needed to be flexible and creative in the care of the fathers/families. Innovation: This study focused on fathers - an underexposed target group. Examining key factors for those executing the intervention and discussing the findings using the theoretical framework of John P. Kotter's implementation strategy, we contribute to a better understanding of implementation processes.