A realist review to assess for whom, under what conditions and how pay for performance programmes work in low- and middle-income countries

Arts & Humanities

• Realist 60%
• Income 37%
• Grey Literature 35%
• Autonomy 26%
• Performance 25%
• Contextual Factors 23%
• Pathway 20%
• Peers 19%
• Staff 16%
• Fees 12%
• Outreach 12%
• Financing 12%
• Adherence 12%
• Social Norms 12%
• Diagrams 11%
• Strengthening 11%
• Public Services 10%
• Fairness 10%
• Contextual 9%
• Drugs 9%
• Causal 8%
• Banking 8%
• Data Base 7%
• Health 7%
• Incentives 6%
• Productivity 6%
• Interaction 6%

Medicine & Life Sciences

• Incentive Reimbursement 100%
• Income 55%
• Health 33%
• Gray Literature 24%
• Government Financing 15%
• Motivation 15%
• Community-Institutional Relations 14%
• Social Norms 13%
• Fees and Charges 12%
• Architectural Accessibility 11%
• Facilities and Services Utilization 11%
• Workforce 9%
• Patient Satisfaction 9%
• Guidelines 6%
• Databases 5%
• Equipment and Supplies 5%
• Pharmaceutical Preparations 4%

Social Sciences

• income 45%
• performance 31%
• health 27%
• gray literature 20%
• autonomy 18%
• staffing level 12%
• clinical guidelines 12%
• staff 10%
• banking 9%
• Social Norms 8%
• fee 8%
• moderator 8%
• fairness 7%
• public service 7%
• evidence 7%
• productivity 6%
• utilization 6%
• incentive 6%
• efficiency 6%
• infrastructure 5%
• drug 5%
• interaction 3%