TY - GEN
T1 - Unidirectional Movement in Redoxactive Molecular Machines
AU - Jensen, Sofie Klingspor
PY - 2024/6/24
Y1 - 2024/6/24
N2 - The research presented in this PhD thesis is concerned with mechanically interlocked artificial
molecular machines and how unidirectional motion can be induced in them. The ability of a molecular
machine to perform unidirectional motion is a criterion for creating more complex molecular
machines such as molecular motors and pumps which have the potential for performing progressive
work. In this thesis, the focus is on the design, synthesis, and investigation of electroactive
[2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes based on the binding interactions between the electron-poor
macrocyclic component cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) and the electron-rich
monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and determine
the direction in which CBPQT4+ moves in two different [2]catenane designs.In Chapter 2, a first-generation design of a series of potential electroactive [2]catenane molecular
motors is investigated. The tristable [2]catenanes contain three stations for the CBPQT4+ ring, an
MPTTF, a hydroquinone (HQ), and a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit, which are separated by combined
thiomethyl (SMe) and thioglycol steric barriers. Kinetic investigations on the [2]catenanes show that
the SMe/thioglycol steric barriers are not sufficient in themselves to create kinetic asymmetry, but
that unidirectional movement can be induced in one particular isomer of a [2]catenane.A new bistable [2]catenane design for a potential electroactive molecular motor is presented in
Chapter 3. In this [2]catenane the MPTTF and HQ units are separated by an SMe/thioglycol steric
barrier and a viologen (V2+) dication electrostatic barrier. It is the primary aim of this thesis to map
the potential energy surface for the energy ratchet mechanism by which it is expected to operate. In
Chapter 3, the synthesis of the [2]catenane and the general properties of the [2]catenane is
investigated.To determine the direction of movement of CBPQT4+ in the [2]catenane when going through one
redox cycle four different kinetic barrier sizes must be determined. Two of them are the kinetic
barriers in the neutral [2]catenane, a V2+ dication electrostatic barrier and an SMe/thioglycol steric
barrier. These are determined by isolation of metastable co-conformations of model systems and the
[2]catenane itself in Chapter 4. Subsequent kinetic investigations of the metastable co-conformations
by 1H NMR spectroscopy reveal that the V2+ dication is a higher barrier for CBPQT4+ in the neutral
[2]catenane than the SMe/thioglycol barrier and to a degree that CBPQT4+ moves across the
SMe/thioglycol barrier in proposed direction 98% of the time.In Chapter 5, a [2]rotaxane model system is synthesized and investigated in order to determine the
barrier size of the MPTTF2+ dication in the proximity of a V2+ dication, as it is in the di-oxidized
[2]catenane. The barrier size is determined in a kinetic experiment by 1H NMR spectroscopy and
show that the MPTTF2+ dication barrier size is in the same order of magnitude as already known
MPTTF2+ dication barrier sizes. In Chapter 6, the efforts to determine the size of the V2+ dication
barrier in the [2]catenane are presented.
1H NMR spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations
show that the barrier size is very low at 298 K, and precise quantification was not possible. Instead,
an estimate of the V
2+ dication barrier size could be made and compared to the MPTTF2+ dication
barrier size. The difference between the two barriers is so large that the CBPQT4+ ring will move
across the V2+ dication rather than the MPTTF2+ dication 100% of the time in the di-oxidized
[2]catenane. Along with the kinetic barrier sizes determined for the neutral [2]catenane, this shows
that CBPQT4+ will have moved 360° unidirectionally around the macrocyclic track of the [2]catenane
98% of the time following one redox cycle, and that this [2]catenane has the potential to function as
a molecular motor.
AB - The research presented in this PhD thesis is concerned with mechanically interlocked artificial
molecular machines and how unidirectional motion can be induced in them. The ability of a molecular
machine to perform unidirectional motion is a criterion for creating more complex molecular
machines such as molecular motors and pumps which have the potential for performing progressive
work. In this thesis, the focus is on the design, synthesis, and investigation of electroactive
[2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes based on the binding interactions between the electron-poor
macrocyclic component cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) and the electron-rich
monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and determine
the direction in which CBPQT4+ moves in two different [2]catenane designs.In Chapter 2, a first-generation design of a series of potential electroactive [2]catenane molecular
motors is investigated. The tristable [2]catenanes contain three stations for the CBPQT4+ ring, an
MPTTF, a hydroquinone (HQ), and a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit, which are separated by combined
thiomethyl (SMe) and thioglycol steric barriers. Kinetic investigations on the [2]catenanes show that
the SMe/thioglycol steric barriers are not sufficient in themselves to create kinetic asymmetry, but
that unidirectional movement can be induced in one particular isomer of a [2]catenane.A new bistable [2]catenane design for a potential electroactive molecular motor is presented in
Chapter 3. In this [2]catenane the MPTTF and HQ units are separated by an SMe/thioglycol steric
barrier and a viologen (V2+) dication electrostatic barrier. It is the primary aim of this thesis to map
the potential energy surface for the energy ratchet mechanism by which it is expected to operate. In
Chapter 3, the synthesis of the [2]catenane and the general properties of the [2]catenane is
investigated.To determine the direction of movement of CBPQT4+ in the [2]catenane when going through one
redox cycle four different kinetic barrier sizes must be determined. Two of them are the kinetic
barriers in the neutral [2]catenane, a V2+ dication electrostatic barrier and an SMe/thioglycol steric
barrier. These are determined by isolation of metastable co-conformations of model systems and the
[2]catenane itself in Chapter 4. Subsequent kinetic investigations of the metastable co-conformations
by 1H NMR spectroscopy reveal that the V2+ dication is a higher barrier for CBPQT4+ in the neutral
[2]catenane than the SMe/thioglycol barrier and to a degree that CBPQT4+ moves across the
SMe/thioglycol barrier in proposed direction 98% of the time.In Chapter 5, a [2]rotaxane model system is synthesized and investigated in order to determine the
barrier size of the MPTTF2+ dication in the proximity of a V2+ dication, as it is in the di-oxidized
[2]catenane. The barrier size is determined in a kinetic experiment by 1H NMR spectroscopy and
show that the MPTTF2+ dication barrier size is in the same order of magnitude as already known
MPTTF2+ dication barrier sizes. In Chapter 6, the efforts to determine the size of the V2+ dication
barrier in the [2]catenane are presented.
1H NMR spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations
show that the barrier size is very low at 298 K, and precise quantification was not possible. Instead,
an estimate of the V
2+ dication barrier size could be made and compared to the MPTTF2+ dication
barrier size. The difference between the two barriers is so large that the CBPQT4+ ring will move
across the V2+ dication rather than the MPTTF2+ dication 100% of the time in the di-oxidized
[2]catenane. Along with the kinetic barrier sizes determined for the neutral [2]catenane, this shows
that CBPQT4+ will have moved 360° unidirectionally around the macrocyclic track of the [2]catenane
98% of the time following one redox cycle, and that this [2]catenane has the potential to function as
a molecular motor.
U2 - 10.21996/pyhq-8e49
DO - 10.21996/pyhq-8e49
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -