TY - GEN
T1 - Uncovering the molecular basis for nutritional reprogramming of pancreatic β-cells
AU - Østerli Frafjord , Kari
PY - 2022/4/8
Y1 - 2022/4/8
N2 - Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading health concerns in the world. Diabetes causes millions of deaths each year and the number of type 2 diabetes patients is rapidly increasing. Diabetes is characterized by a failure of the pancreatic β-cells to produce enough insulin to meet increased demands for nutrient storage. The increase in nutrient availability is suggested to be an important driver of β-cells adaptation to increased needs for insulin. However, excess nutrients can also induce a stress response, eventually leading to β-cell dysfunction. Thus, expanding our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms regulating β-cell adaptation to nutrients is important for understanding how type 2 diabetes develops.In this Ph.D. project, we have used different approaches to investigate β-cell adaptation to nutrient overload. Glucose stimulation is known to reprogram β-cells eventually leading to both increased proliferation and repression of β-cell function. The first study demonstrate that high glucose stimulation leads to a reprogramming of the β-cell genome, and that the glucose response is biphasic. By integrative genomics, we identified novel transcriptional regulators of the late phase of the glucose response in β-cells. We focused on the nuclear receptor RORγ, and with loss-of-function studies, we demonstrate that RORγ is a novel regulator of β-cell proliferation in the INS-1E cell line and in primary rat β-cells. The second study is a continuation of the first study, where we have applied a mass spectrometrybased strategy, rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME), to identify other regulators of the transcriptional response to glucose response in β-cells. Here we used the Mediator complex subunit MED1, as bait to capture proteins associated with MED1 and thereby activate enhancers in INS-1E cells. Combining loss-of-function studies with genome-wide analysis reveals that knockdown of the top transcriptional MED1-RIME candidate, Mybbp1a, leads to transcriptomic changes in the glucose response, and affect the ability of INS-1E cells to proliferate.The mechanisms underlying nutritional reprogramming in β-cells in vivo remain to be investigated. A third study aimed to investigate nutritional reprogramming in vivo our in-house developed mouse model, the Ins1CreTRAP mouse, which allows for in situ detection of β-cell-specific genomic changes. We performed metabolic phenotyping of the Ins1CreTRAP mice, and we demonstrate that mice have impaired glucose tolerance and increased β-cell proliferation after short-term high fat diet feeding. Unfortunately, we were not able to establish the protocols related to Ins1CreTRAP model. Therefore, other strategies based on single-cell technologies are currently being performed as an alternative for investigating β-cell-specific genomic changes in response to nutrients.
AB - Type 2 diabetes is one of the leading health concerns in the world. Diabetes causes millions of deaths each year and the number of type 2 diabetes patients is rapidly increasing. Diabetes is characterized by a failure of the pancreatic β-cells to produce enough insulin to meet increased demands for nutrient storage. The increase in nutrient availability is suggested to be an important driver of β-cells adaptation to increased needs for insulin. However, excess nutrients can also induce a stress response, eventually leading to β-cell dysfunction. Thus, expanding our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms regulating β-cell adaptation to nutrients is important for understanding how type 2 diabetes develops.In this Ph.D. project, we have used different approaches to investigate β-cell adaptation to nutrient overload. Glucose stimulation is known to reprogram β-cells eventually leading to both increased proliferation and repression of β-cell function. The first study demonstrate that high glucose stimulation leads to a reprogramming of the β-cell genome, and that the glucose response is biphasic. By integrative genomics, we identified novel transcriptional regulators of the late phase of the glucose response in β-cells. We focused on the nuclear receptor RORγ, and with loss-of-function studies, we demonstrate that RORγ is a novel regulator of β-cell proliferation in the INS-1E cell line and in primary rat β-cells. The second study is a continuation of the first study, where we have applied a mass spectrometrybased strategy, rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins (RIME), to identify other regulators of the transcriptional response to glucose response in β-cells. Here we used the Mediator complex subunit MED1, as bait to capture proteins associated with MED1 and thereby activate enhancers in INS-1E cells. Combining loss-of-function studies with genome-wide analysis reveals that knockdown of the top transcriptional MED1-RIME candidate, Mybbp1a, leads to transcriptomic changes in the glucose response, and affect the ability of INS-1E cells to proliferate.The mechanisms underlying nutritional reprogramming in β-cells in vivo remain to be investigated. A third study aimed to investigate nutritional reprogramming in vivo our in-house developed mouse model, the Ins1CreTRAP mouse, which allows for in situ detection of β-cell-specific genomic changes. We performed metabolic phenotyping of the Ins1CreTRAP mice, and we demonstrate that mice have impaired glucose tolerance and increased β-cell proliferation after short-term high fat diet feeding. Unfortunately, we were not able to establish the protocols related to Ins1CreTRAP model. Therefore, other strategies based on single-cell technologies are currently being performed as an alternative for investigating β-cell-specific genomic changes in response to nutrients.
U2 - 10.21996/ym1h-1e87
DO - 10.21996/ym1h-1e87
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -