TY - GEN
T1 - Tuberculosis Infection - Prevalence and Host-based Biomarkers
AU - Østergaard, Anne Ahrens
PY - 2024/5/16
Y1 - 2024/5/16
N2 - Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a
major global health problem, with an estimated 10.6 million new TB cases per year
by 2023. The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate TB by 2035,
which includes the management of TB infection (TBI) in low-incidence rate (IR)
countries, such as Denmark. TBI is a persistent immune response to stimulation by
Mtb antigens (e.g. measured by Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA)) in the
absence of clinical evidence of TB disease. There is still no specific standard for
diagnosing TBI. In order to manage and reduce the TBI reservoir, it is necessary to
determine the national prevalence of TBI and identify specific populations of
interest for targeted interventions to guide a Danish TB elimination programme.TB is a variable disease that primarily manifests in the lungs as pulmonary TB, but
TB can infect all other organs (extrapulmonary TB). Diagnosing TB can be difficult
due to overlapping symptoms with other diseases, low bacillary load, and the need
for invasive sampling for microbiological diagnosis. The WHO desire non-sputumbased biomarker tests for TB with high specificity (target 98%) and a sensitivity of
at least 65% in all groups, including extrapulmonary TB. To date, no single
biomarker has been able to differentiate between TB, TBI and conditions mimicking
TB (CMTB).Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small (18-to 25-nucleotides), single-stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by causing translation
blockage or mRNA cleavage. MiRNAs exert their functions intracellularly but are
also present in plasma. The host response to Mtb infection is intricate and not yet
fully comprehended, but various cytokines are involved in controlling TBI. MiRNAs
and combined cytokines may act as regulators of TBI and TB by controlling the
immune system and serve as markers of TB progression and regression.Aim of thesis
The aims were to: Paper I) Estimate the period prevalence of TBI and positive
IGRA in Denmark in 2014 based on TBI screening data from patients with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) tested
by IGRA in 2010-2018, Paper II) To determine whether T-cell and innate immunity
derived cytokines and established biomarkers can discriminate 1) TB from CMTB,
2) TB from TBI, 3) TB from healthy controls (HC)), Paper III) To explore the change
in 754 miRNAs between TBI and TB and validate the results. MethodsThe thesis is based on a cross-sectional registry study, a prospective,
observational, diagnostic accuracy study and a prospective, observational
explorative cohort study.Paper I. Based on nationwide Danish registries, we included all patients with IBD or
IRD who had an IGRA test performed between 2010 and 2018. We estimated the
prevalence of TBI and positive IGRA with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in adults
aged 15-64 years after sample weighting, adjusting for distortions in the sample
from the background population of sex, age groups and TB IR in the country of
birth.Paper II. We used haemoglobin, total white blood cell count, neutrophils,
monocytes, C-reactive protein and ten Meso Scale Discovery analysed cytokines
(interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, 1L-4, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-ɣ
and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in whole blood stimulated by
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zymosan (ZYM), anti-cluster of differentiation 3/CD28
(CD3) and unstimulated (Null) TruCulture tubes to invent three index tests to
differentiate TB from CMTB and TBI and TBI from HC. We applied recursive
feature elimination using a random forest model to identify the most potent
biomarkers.Paper III. We analysed 754 miRNAs using the TaqMan™ Advanced miRNA Human
A and B cards after exogenous and endogenous normalisation in persons with TB
and TBI. We applied recursive feature elimination using a random forest model to
identify the most potent miRNAs to discriminate TB from TBI. We determined these miRNAs and by Mann-Whitney-U test significant miRNAs (total 14 miRNAs) in a
validation group from the same population.ResultsPaper I. In 13,574 patients with IBD or IRD, 12,892 IGRA tests (95.0%) were
negative, 461 (3.4%) were positive and 221 (1.6%) were indeterminate, resulting in
a weighted prevalence of TBI of 3.2% (95%CI: 2.9-3.5) and weighted positive IGRA
prevalence of 3.8% (95%CI: 3.5-4.2) among adults aged 15-64 years in the
background population of Denmark. The unweighted prevalence of TBI increased
strongly with age and among persons born in countries with a TB IR above
10/100.000.Paper II. In 52 persons with CMTB (n=9), TB (n=23), TBI (n=10) and HC (n=10), we
found that the combination of LPS-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-TNF-α, ZYM-IL-1β,
LPS-IL-4, ZYM-IL-10 and neutrophil count could differentiate TB from CMTB with a
sensitivity of 47.8% (95%CI: 26.8 - 67.7) and specificity of 100.0 % (66.4-100.0).
The combination of Null- IFN-ɣ, Null-IL-8, CD3-IL-6, CD3-IL-8, CD3-IL-13 and ZYM
IL-1b could discriminate TB from TBI with a sensitivity of 73.9% (56.5-91.3) and a
specificity of 100% (69.2-100.0). Cytokines and established biomarkers were
unable to differentiate TBI from HC with ≥ 98% specificity.Paper III. In 36 persons (discovery group) with TB (n=18) and TBI (n=18), we
detected 495 miRNA and found the circulating miRNAs hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR204-5p and hsa-miR-584-5p the most important biomarkers to differentiate TB from
TBI. Further, 11 miRNAs were differentially expressed. In the validation group of 59
individuals with TB (n=37) and TBI (n=22), many of the miRNAs showed the same
pattern but the fold changes of the 14 miRNAs were minor.ConclusionThe estimated TBI in Denmark is low. Our data suggest that a TB elimination
programme should focus on persons born in high TB endemic countries and age
above 44 years. Selected combinations of cytokines may serve as blood-based
add-on tests to detect TB in low-endemic settings, although these results require
validation. We investigated circulating miRNAs to differentiate TB from TBI but we
were unable to validate the findings from the discovery group.
AB - Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a
major global health problem, with an estimated 10.6 million new TB cases per year
by 2023. The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate TB by 2035,
which includes the management of TB infection (TBI) in low-incidence rate (IR)
countries, such as Denmark. TBI is a persistent immune response to stimulation by
Mtb antigens (e.g. measured by Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA)) in the
absence of clinical evidence of TB disease. There is still no specific standard for
diagnosing TBI. In order to manage and reduce the TBI reservoir, it is necessary to
determine the national prevalence of TBI and identify specific populations of
interest for targeted interventions to guide a Danish TB elimination programme.TB is a variable disease that primarily manifests in the lungs as pulmonary TB, but
TB can infect all other organs (extrapulmonary TB). Diagnosing TB can be difficult
due to overlapping symptoms with other diseases, low bacillary load, and the need
for invasive sampling for microbiological diagnosis. The WHO desire non-sputumbased biomarker tests for TB with high specificity (target 98%) and a sensitivity of
at least 65% in all groups, including extrapulmonary TB. To date, no single
biomarker has been able to differentiate between TB, TBI and conditions mimicking
TB (CMTB).Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small (18-to 25-nucleotides), single-stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by causing translation
blockage or mRNA cleavage. MiRNAs exert their functions intracellularly but are
also present in plasma. The host response to Mtb infection is intricate and not yet
fully comprehended, but various cytokines are involved in controlling TBI. MiRNAs
and combined cytokines may act as regulators of TBI and TB by controlling the
immune system and serve as markers of TB progression and regression.Aim of thesis
The aims were to: Paper I) Estimate the period prevalence of TBI and positive
IGRA in Denmark in 2014 based on TBI screening data from patients with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD) tested
by IGRA in 2010-2018, Paper II) To determine whether T-cell and innate immunity
derived cytokines and established biomarkers can discriminate 1) TB from CMTB,
2) TB from TBI, 3) TB from healthy controls (HC)), Paper III) To explore the change
in 754 miRNAs between TBI and TB and validate the results. MethodsThe thesis is based on a cross-sectional registry study, a prospective,
observational, diagnostic accuracy study and a prospective, observational
explorative cohort study.Paper I. Based on nationwide Danish registries, we included all patients with IBD or
IRD who had an IGRA test performed between 2010 and 2018. We estimated the
prevalence of TBI and positive IGRA with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in adults
aged 15-64 years after sample weighting, adjusting for distortions in the sample
from the background population of sex, age groups and TB IR in the country of
birth.Paper II. We used haemoglobin, total white blood cell count, neutrophils,
monocytes, C-reactive protein and ten Meso Scale Discovery analysed cytokines
(interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, 1L-4, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-ɣ
and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in whole blood stimulated by
lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zymosan (ZYM), anti-cluster of differentiation 3/CD28
(CD3) and unstimulated (Null) TruCulture tubes to invent three index tests to
differentiate TB from CMTB and TBI and TBI from HC. We applied recursive
feature elimination using a random forest model to identify the most potent
biomarkers.Paper III. We analysed 754 miRNAs using the TaqMan™ Advanced miRNA Human
A and B cards after exogenous and endogenous normalisation in persons with TB
and TBI. We applied recursive feature elimination using a random forest model to
identify the most potent miRNAs to discriminate TB from TBI. We determined these miRNAs and by Mann-Whitney-U test significant miRNAs (total 14 miRNAs) in a
validation group from the same population.ResultsPaper I. In 13,574 patients with IBD or IRD, 12,892 IGRA tests (95.0%) were
negative, 461 (3.4%) were positive and 221 (1.6%) were indeterminate, resulting in
a weighted prevalence of TBI of 3.2% (95%CI: 2.9-3.5) and weighted positive IGRA
prevalence of 3.8% (95%CI: 3.5-4.2) among adults aged 15-64 years in the
background population of Denmark. The unweighted prevalence of TBI increased
strongly with age and among persons born in countries with a TB IR above
10/100.000.Paper II. In 52 persons with CMTB (n=9), TB (n=23), TBI (n=10) and HC (n=10), we
found that the combination of LPS-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-TNF-α, ZYM-IL-1β,
LPS-IL-4, ZYM-IL-10 and neutrophil count could differentiate TB from CMTB with a
sensitivity of 47.8% (95%CI: 26.8 - 67.7) and specificity of 100.0 % (66.4-100.0).
The combination of Null- IFN-ɣ, Null-IL-8, CD3-IL-6, CD3-IL-8, CD3-IL-13 and ZYM
IL-1b could discriminate TB from TBI with a sensitivity of 73.9% (56.5-91.3) and a
specificity of 100% (69.2-100.0). Cytokines and established biomarkers were
unable to differentiate TBI from HC with ≥ 98% specificity.Paper III. In 36 persons (discovery group) with TB (n=18) and TBI (n=18), we
detected 495 miRNA and found the circulating miRNAs hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR204-5p and hsa-miR-584-5p the most important biomarkers to differentiate TB from
TBI. Further, 11 miRNAs were differentially expressed. In the validation group of 59
individuals with TB (n=37) and TBI (n=22), many of the miRNAs showed the same
pattern but the fold changes of the 14 miRNAs were minor.ConclusionThe estimated TBI in Denmark is low. Our data suggest that a TB elimination
programme should focus on persons born in high TB endemic countries and age
above 44 years. Selected combinations of cytokines may serve as blood-based
add-on tests to detect TB in low-endemic settings, although these results require
validation. We investigated circulating miRNAs to differentiate TB from TBI but we
were unable to validate the findings from the discovery group.
U2 - 10.21996/v0xq-my67
DO - 10.21996/v0xq-my67
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -