TY - GEN
T1 - Trophic ecology and food web interactions of Baltic Sea jellyfish
AU - Stoltenberg, Ina
PY - 2022/11/9
Y1 - 2022/11/9
N2 - Recreating food webs by determining principal trophic links between species helps to comprehendecosystem structures, functioning and dynamics. Thus, a profound understanding of trophicinteractions and food web architecture is essential to evaluate ecosystem stability and functioningunder climate change and to support sound conservation and resource management strategies in theAnthropocene. Jellyfish populations are expected to benefit from climate change and otheranthropogenic pressures, such as overfishing, eutrophication, oxygen depletion of water masses andintense marine construction works and might therefore play a key role in future coastal oceans.However, the trophic ecology of jellyfish has long been neglected and has only recently receivedincreasing attention with the rise of new methods, such as underwater video footage, genetic metabarcoding, and biochemical trophic markers. This lack of knowledge is especially prominent in theBaltic Sea, a marginal brackish sea which has experienced exceptional rates of change byenvironmental and anthropogenic disturbances over the last half century.In Chapter I therefore provide a first synoptic overview on available studies which address thequestion of jellyfish trophic ecology in the Baltic Sea, in the form of a review published in Marine Biology Research. We were able to identify 57 studies with a strong bias towards studies on Aurelia aurita, Mnemiopsis leidyi and to a lesser degree Cyanea capillata. We showed that the importance ofjellyfish trophic roles differs between species and are strongly influenced by temporal and spatial characteristics. For example, the influence of jellyfish on food webs was higher in more enclosed systems, such as fjords, which allowed accumulations of large jellyfish biomasses. Additionally, we highlighted knowledge gaps and limitations, which to date hamper a systematic understanding of jellyfish trophic ecology in the Baltic Sea, such as the lack of time series data, unknown jellyfish predators and a missing large-scale spatial coverage of studies. Considering the knowledge gaps identified in Chapter I, we then did a whole food web sampling, using stable isotopes and fatty acids as trophic markers, in the form of a manuscript submitted to the Journal of the Whole Environment. We sampled along a salinity gradient from Kiel Bight to the two deeper and productive Bornholm and Gotland Basins, with a special focus on jellyfish and a spatiotemporal resolution. The results were summed up in Chapter II and form one of the largest trophicmarker data sets of pelagic food webs in the Baltic Sea to date, while representing a valuable baseline 7against which future changes can be measured. Using this data set we revealed the very complextrophic roles of Baltic Sea jellyfish. We showed that jellyfish are integral parts of Baltic Sea foodwebs and cover trophic roles from seston feeders to top planktonic predators. These trophic roleswere often distinct for each jellyfish species and influenced by intra- and inter-annual changes, whilespatial characteristics played a minor role in defining jellyfish trophic roles. Furthermore, wehighlighted that different jellyfish species did not represent a homogenous trophic entity and shouldthus not be treated as this in food web models, like it is frequently done to this day. Additionally, byexamining the fatty acid composition of different jellyfish species, we were able to provide firstevidence for a potential scyphozoan specific fatty acid trophic marker in form of elevated arachidonicto docosahexaenoic acid ratios.In Chapter III, we examined the predation capabilities of M. leidyi on herring (Clupea harengus) larvae. The impact of M. leidyi on Baltic Sea fish larvae was evaluated briefly in the years right afterits invasion in 2006. However, results were partly contradictive, spatially limited to Bornholm Basin, and focused on cod larvae. In Kiel Fjord herring larvae and M. leidyi at times overlap temporally, thus predation by M. leidyi cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, the extant and importance of this predation was entirely unknown. With the results of Chapter III, we were able to show that even thesmallest M. leidyi specimen (0.9 cm oral-aboral length) were able to prey and capture yolk-sac herring larvae and all sizes of M. leidyi continued to do so with same clearance rates when alternative natural prey in form of Acartia tonsa copepods was available. Clearance rates of M. leidyi on herring larvae increased with the size of the predator and decreased with the age of the prey.
AB - Recreating food webs by determining principal trophic links between species helps to comprehendecosystem structures, functioning and dynamics. Thus, a profound understanding of trophicinteractions and food web architecture is essential to evaluate ecosystem stability and functioningunder climate change and to support sound conservation and resource management strategies in theAnthropocene. Jellyfish populations are expected to benefit from climate change and otheranthropogenic pressures, such as overfishing, eutrophication, oxygen depletion of water masses andintense marine construction works and might therefore play a key role in future coastal oceans.However, the trophic ecology of jellyfish has long been neglected and has only recently receivedincreasing attention with the rise of new methods, such as underwater video footage, genetic metabarcoding, and biochemical trophic markers. This lack of knowledge is especially prominent in theBaltic Sea, a marginal brackish sea which has experienced exceptional rates of change byenvironmental and anthropogenic disturbances over the last half century.In Chapter I therefore provide a first synoptic overview on available studies which address thequestion of jellyfish trophic ecology in the Baltic Sea, in the form of a review published in Marine Biology Research. We were able to identify 57 studies with a strong bias towards studies on Aurelia aurita, Mnemiopsis leidyi and to a lesser degree Cyanea capillata. We showed that the importance ofjellyfish trophic roles differs between species and are strongly influenced by temporal and spatial characteristics. For example, the influence of jellyfish on food webs was higher in more enclosed systems, such as fjords, which allowed accumulations of large jellyfish biomasses. Additionally, we highlighted knowledge gaps and limitations, which to date hamper a systematic understanding of jellyfish trophic ecology in the Baltic Sea, such as the lack of time series data, unknown jellyfish predators and a missing large-scale spatial coverage of studies. Considering the knowledge gaps identified in Chapter I, we then did a whole food web sampling, using stable isotopes and fatty acids as trophic markers, in the form of a manuscript submitted to the Journal of the Whole Environment. We sampled along a salinity gradient from Kiel Bight to the two deeper and productive Bornholm and Gotland Basins, with a special focus on jellyfish and a spatiotemporal resolution. The results were summed up in Chapter II and form one of the largest trophicmarker data sets of pelagic food webs in the Baltic Sea to date, while representing a valuable baseline 7against which future changes can be measured. Using this data set we revealed the very complextrophic roles of Baltic Sea jellyfish. We showed that jellyfish are integral parts of Baltic Sea foodwebs and cover trophic roles from seston feeders to top planktonic predators. These trophic roleswere often distinct for each jellyfish species and influenced by intra- and inter-annual changes, whilespatial characteristics played a minor role in defining jellyfish trophic roles. Furthermore, wehighlighted that different jellyfish species did not represent a homogenous trophic entity and shouldthus not be treated as this in food web models, like it is frequently done to this day. Additionally, byexamining the fatty acid composition of different jellyfish species, we were able to provide firstevidence for a potential scyphozoan specific fatty acid trophic marker in form of elevated arachidonicto docosahexaenoic acid ratios.In Chapter III, we examined the predation capabilities of M. leidyi on herring (Clupea harengus) larvae. The impact of M. leidyi on Baltic Sea fish larvae was evaluated briefly in the years right afterits invasion in 2006. However, results were partly contradictive, spatially limited to Bornholm Basin, and focused on cod larvae. In Kiel Fjord herring larvae and M. leidyi at times overlap temporally, thus predation by M. leidyi cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, the extant and importance of this predation was entirely unknown. With the results of Chapter III, we were able to show that even thesmallest M. leidyi specimen (0.9 cm oral-aboral length) were able to prey and capture yolk-sac herring larvae and all sizes of M. leidyi continued to do so with same clearance rates when alternative natural prey in form of Acartia tonsa copepods was available. Clearance rates of M. leidyi on herring larvae increased with the size of the predator and decreased with the age of the prey.
U2 - 10.21996/zeek-hy62
DO - 10.21996/zeek-hy62
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -