TY - GEN
T1 - Treatment and Monitoring of the Bone Disease in Multiple Myeloma Patients
AU - Gundesen, Michael Tveden
PY - 2024/7/8
Y1 - 2024/7/8
N2 - Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder. It is currently not curable and its key features includes: Clonal M-protein, kidney damage, immune paralysis, anemia, hypercalcemia, and in many cases, most notably, osteolytic lesions.Bone damage is common in MM patients; it rarely heals and leads to significant
reduction in quality of life. The progression in bone disease can develop quickly,
leading to new malignant fractures as well as vertebral collapse. For that reason,
preventive measures are important, as is identifying progressive bone disease
(PBD) in a timely manner to initiate early treatment is of paramount importance.This dissertation adds to the current knowledge on imaging modalities and strategies, as well as strategies for prevention of bone disease in MM. Finally, it also
includes an investigation of the possibility of healing in existing lesions.The dissertation is based on four published papers. In addition, some yet unpublished data will be discussed.The first paper “A prospective study of Skeletal survey versus Low-dose whole-body
CT for Osteolytic lesions in Multiple Myeloma” focuses on identifying osteolytic
lesions in MM. For many years, classical skeletal survey (CSS) was considered the
gold standard for detecting osteolytic lesions in MM; however, it has been shown
that even significant loss of bone mass may not always show up in CSS. Several
retrospective studies have suggested the superiority of whole-body-low-dose-CT
(WBLDCT), but prospective data was lacking. The paper investigated paired
CSS/WBLDCT imaging in patients with MM. Participants were followed prospectively and the findings of CSS and WBLDCT were compared over time. The results
show the superiority of WBLDCT compared to CSS for finding progressive bone
disease in general, as well as for locating lesions in specific areas of the skeleton.The second paper “Potential value of pre-planned imaging of bone disease in multiple myeloma.” Further investigates the value of WBLDCT as an imaging modality, specifically focusing on the question of whether pre-planned imaging should be
performed. Pre-planned imaging is currently not recommended for MM as early
data did not show significant findings with pre-planned monitoring. However, data
were very limited and used CSS since WBLDCT was neither accessible nor feasible
at the time. CSS is less sensitive than WBLDCT, so new investigations may produce
different results, and therefore it may be time to re-evaluate. The paper shows
that pre-planned imaging identifies a significant number of new clinically relevant
lesions that represent early bone disease.The third paper “In multiple myeloma, monthly treatment with zoledronic acid for
beyond two years offers sustained protection against progressive bone disease“
takes the next step from monitoring osteolytic lesions to investigating how to prevent them in a randomized trial. Most current guidelines do not recommend
standard treatment with zoledronic acid beyond two years. This is based on the
length follow up of the original bisphosphonate studies as well as on considerations of possible side effects. The paper finds a significantly decreased rate of progressive bone disease in myeloma patients randomized to continue with treatment
beyond two years, and up two four years. Additionally it does not find significant
increases in side effects. This suggests that a change of clinical practice may benefit the patients.The fourth paper: “Increased Bone Volume by Ixazomib in Multiple Myeloma: 3-
Month Results from an Open Label Phase 2 Study”. Is an explorative study that
investigates whether long-term treatment with ixazomib can aid in the healing of
already acquired osteolytic lesions in MM patients. In the study, patients are followed with bone markers, bone biopsies and NaF-PET-CT imaging. The fourth paper present data from three months of treatment. Additionally within this dissertation some data from after three months will be presented.The three month data iliac crest bone biopsies interestingly show increased size of
bone structural units and overall bone mass, while significant healing of individual
osteolytic lesions on WBLDCT are not seen.In conclusion, this dissertation contributes in several ways to our knowledge about
monitoring, as well as prevention, and even treatment, of osteolytic lesions in MM
patients. I hope that it will help in the continued quest for improvements to the
benefit of MM patients.
AB - Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder. It is currently not curable and its key features includes: Clonal M-protein, kidney damage, immune paralysis, anemia, hypercalcemia, and in many cases, most notably, osteolytic lesions.Bone damage is common in MM patients; it rarely heals and leads to significant
reduction in quality of life. The progression in bone disease can develop quickly,
leading to new malignant fractures as well as vertebral collapse. For that reason,
preventive measures are important, as is identifying progressive bone disease
(PBD) in a timely manner to initiate early treatment is of paramount importance.This dissertation adds to the current knowledge on imaging modalities and strategies, as well as strategies for prevention of bone disease in MM. Finally, it also
includes an investigation of the possibility of healing in existing lesions.The dissertation is based on four published papers. In addition, some yet unpublished data will be discussed.The first paper “A prospective study of Skeletal survey versus Low-dose whole-body
CT for Osteolytic lesions in Multiple Myeloma” focuses on identifying osteolytic
lesions in MM. For many years, classical skeletal survey (CSS) was considered the
gold standard for detecting osteolytic lesions in MM; however, it has been shown
that even significant loss of bone mass may not always show up in CSS. Several
retrospective studies have suggested the superiority of whole-body-low-dose-CT
(WBLDCT), but prospective data was lacking. The paper investigated paired
CSS/WBLDCT imaging in patients with MM. Participants were followed prospectively and the findings of CSS and WBLDCT were compared over time. The results
show the superiority of WBLDCT compared to CSS for finding progressive bone
disease in general, as well as for locating lesions in specific areas of the skeleton.The second paper “Potential value of pre-planned imaging of bone disease in multiple myeloma.” Further investigates the value of WBLDCT as an imaging modality, specifically focusing on the question of whether pre-planned imaging should be
performed. Pre-planned imaging is currently not recommended for MM as early
data did not show significant findings with pre-planned monitoring. However, data
were very limited and used CSS since WBLDCT was neither accessible nor feasible
at the time. CSS is less sensitive than WBLDCT, so new investigations may produce
different results, and therefore it may be time to re-evaluate. The paper shows
that pre-planned imaging identifies a significant number of new clinically relevant
lesions that represent early bone disease.The third paper “In multiple myeloma, monthly treatment with zoledronic acid for
beyond two years offers sustained protection against progressive bone disease“
takes the next step from monitoring osteolytic lesions to investigating how to prevent them in a randomized trial. Most current guidelines do not recommend
standard treatment with zoledronic acid beyond two years. This is based on the
length follow up of the original bisphosphonate studies as well as on considerations of possible side effects. The paper finds a significantly decreased rate of progressive bone disease in myeloma patients randomized to continue with treatment
beyond two years, and up two four years. Additionally it does not find significant
increases in side effects. This suggests that a change of clinical practice may benefit the patients.The fourth paper: “Increased Bone Volume by Ixazomib in Multiple Myeloma: 3-
Month Results from an Open Label Phase 2 Study”. Is an explorative study that
investigates whether long-term treatment with ixazomib can aid in the healing of
already acquired osteolytic lesions in MM patients. In the study, patients are followed with bone markers, bone biopsies and NaF-PET-CT imaging. The fourth paper present data from three months of treatment. Additionally within this dissertation some data from after three months will be presented.The three month data iliac crest bone biopsies interestingly show increased size of
bone structural units and overall bone mass, while significant healing of individual
osteolytic lesions on WBLDCT are not seen.In conclusion, this dissertation contributes in several ways to our knowledge about
monitoring, as well as prevention, and even treatment, of osteolytic lesions in MM
patients. I hope that it will help in the continued quest for improvements to the
benefit of MM patients.
U2 - 10.21996/5v10-th59
DO - 10.21996/5v10-th59
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -