TY - GEN
T1 - The roles of MFAP4 and SP-D proteins in lung cancer
AU - Mohammadi, Ali
PY - 2022/10/24
Y1 - 2022/10/24
N2 - SP-D protein Background: Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), an endogenous innate immune factor, known to
suppress lung adenocarcinoma cell growth in vitro. The pulmonary SP-D expression level is reported to be
significantly depressed in clinical lung cancer and higher levels are associated with better survival. In this
study, the purpose was to determine the variation of SP-D in non-small cell lung cancer as well as its role in
the pathophysiology of the disease.Methods: SP-D expression was assessed in lung cancer tissues by TCGA databases and
immunohistochemistry staining. Further, lung cancer cell proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 and EDU
assay in the presence and absence of rhSP-D protein. The lung cancer cell migration was evaluated by transwell assay. RNA-sequencing was used to identify relevant signaling pathways. Protein-protein binding was
measured by ELISA and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Signaling pathway was evaluated by
western blot assay. Finally, we generated A549 cell line with doxycycline-inducible SP-D overexpression and
evaluated the role of SP-D in cancer growth and metastasis in a NOG CIEA mouse model.Results: We validate that SP-D gene expression is decreased in human lung cancer patients. The Kaplan Meier
survival analysis comparing lung cancer patients showed that low SP-D in lung cancer patients was associated
with poor survival. WST-1 and EDU assays validated that treatment with recombinant SP-D protein reduced
lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Trans-well assay showed that migration of lung cancer cell lines was
reduced after SP-D treatment. RNA-sequencing supported that SP-D treatment of cancer cells depressed IL4R
signaling pathway. By ELISA and SPR we have shown that SP-D can directly bind to the IL4R alpha and
suppress this signaling pathway. Moreover, SP-D overexpressing in A549 adenocarcinoma cell line had
significantly decreased tumor growth (p-value = 0.007), and cancer cell migration in vivo.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that SP-D suppresses the IL4R and IL13R signaling pathways by
interfering with the IL4 cytokine binding to the IL4Ra and suppressing proliferation and migration in in-vitro
and in-vivo models. It has been reported that IL4 cytokine promotes cancer cell progression by several
mechanisms such as MDSCs activation, polarizing macrophages to M2 tumor associated macrophages, and
suppress cytotoxic ability of CD8+ T cells. Therefore, locally instillation of recombinant SP-D by suppressing
of IL4 and IL13 signaling pathways, might be a harmless therapy and inhibit growth and migration of lung
cancer.MFAP4 proteinBackground: Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 is an extracellular matrix protein, mainly expressed by
fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells. MFAP4 has several functions such as angiogenesis, proliferation,
innate immunity, and migration. High MFAP4 expression is correlated with the adverse prognosis of advanced
stage of lung cancer patients. Further, MFAP4 participates in neuroblastoma cell proliferation and
differentiation. In human aortic vascular SMCs, MFAP4 induce cell migration and proliferation via FAK,
PI3K, and ERK signaling pathways. These effects are evoked through integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 ligation. The
purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that MFAP4 is an essential component of tumor
microenvironment and can induce proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells.Methods: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset was used to examine the MFAP4 expression in different
lung cancer cell lines. MFAP4 expression was assessed in lung cancer patient tissues by
immunohistochemistry. Further, mRNA in situ hybridization was performed to evaluate the colocalization of
MFAP4 synthesis with alpha-smooth muscle actin. The proliferation of lung cancer cell lines in the presence
and absence of MFAP4 was evaluated by WST-1 assay in vitro. Then, Real-time PCR, and ELISA assays was
performed for evaluation of MFAP4 expression in normal and cancer cell lines. The lung cancer cell migration
was further evaluated by trans-well assay. RNA-sequencing was used for the identification of relevant
signaling pathways.Results: Bioinformatics, Real-time PCR, and ELISA assays have shown that MFAP4 expression significantly
upregulated in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, whereas it is absent from NSCLS. Further, mRNA in
situ hybridization staining confirmed that only SCLC patients have MFAP4 protein expression. Patient
samples supported that MFAP4 is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts; MFAP4 mRNA expression was
found in the TME and was overlapping with alpha-smooth muscle actin expression pattern in both SCLC and
NSCLC. Moreover, recombinant MFAP4 induced lung cancer migration and proliferation in vitro, and the
latter was reduced after anti-MFAP4 Ab treatment blocking MFAP4-integrin interaction. RNA-sequencing
supported that MFAP4 treatment of cancer cells induced pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in both SCLC and
NSCLC. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that MFAP4 has capacity to induce migration and proliferation of lung
cancer cells, and modulates cancer related signaling pathways, and might be a new candidate target for
intervention in lung cancer. Our data uniformly support that MFAP4 in TME may be involved in growth and
migration of lung cancer integrin dependently. Integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 are further involved in angiogenesis.
On this basis it is now warranted to set up anti-MFAP4 interventional studies in lung cancer models in vivo.
AB - SP-D protein Background: Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), an endogenous innate immune factor, known to
suppress lung adenocarcinoma cell growth in vitro. The pulmonary SP-D expression level is reported to be
significantly depressed in clinical lung cancer and higher levels are associated with better survival. In this
study, the purpose was to determine the variation of SP-D in non-small cell lung cancer as well as its role in
the pathophysiology of the disease.Methods: SP-D expression was assessed in lung cancer tissues by TCGA databases and
immunohistochemistry staining. Further, lung cancer cell proliferation was evaluated by WST-1 and EDU
assay in the presence and absence of rhSP-D protein. The lung cancer cell migration was evaluated by transwell assay. RNA-sequencing was used to identify relevant signaling pathways. Protein-protein binding was
measured by ELISA and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Signaling pathway was evaluated by
western blot assay. Finally, we generated A549 cell line with doxycycline-inducible SP-D overexpression and
evaluated the role of SP-D in cancer growth and metastasis in a NOG CIEA mouse model.Results: We validate that SP-D gene expression is decreased in human lung cancer patients. The Kaplan Meier
survival analysis comparing lung cancer patients showed that low SP-D in lung cancer patients was associated
with poor survival. WST-1 and EDU assays validated that treatment with recombinant SP-D protein reduced
lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Trans-well assay showed that migration of lung cancer cell lines was
reduced after SP-D treatment. RNA-sequencing supported that SP-D treatment of cancer cells depressed IL4R
signaling pathway. By ELISA and SPR we have shown that SP-D can directly bind to the IL4R alpha and
suppress this signaling pathway. Moreover, SP-D overexpressing in A549 adenocarcinoma cell line had
significantly decreased tumor growth (p-value = 0.007), and cancer cell migration in vivo.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that SP-D suppresses the IL4R and IL13R signaling pathways by
interfering with the IL4 cytokine binding to the IL4Ra and suppressing proliferation and migration in in-vitro
and in-vivo models. It has been reported that IL4 cytokine promotes cancer cell progression by several
mechanisms such as MDSCs activation, polarizing macrophages to M2 tumor associated macrophages, and
suppress cytotoxic ability of CD8+ T cells. Therefore, locally instillation of recombinant SP-D by suppressing
of IL4 and IL13 signaling pathways, might be a harmless therapy and inhibit growth and migration of lung
cancer.MFAP4 proteinBackground: Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 is an extracellular matrix protein, mainly expressed by
fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells. MFAP4 has several functions such as angiogenesis, proliferation,
innate immunity, and migration. High MFAP4 expression is correlated with the adverse prognosis of advanced
stage of lung cancer patients. Further, MFAP4 participates in neuroblastoma cell proliferation and
differentiation. In human aortic vascular SMCs, MFAP4 induce cell migration and proliferation via FAK,
PI3K, and ERK signaling pathways. These effects are evoked through integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 ligation. The
purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that MFAP4 is an essential component of tumor
microenvironment and can induce proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells.Methods: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset was used to examine the MFAP4 expression in different
lung cancer cell lines. MFAP4 expression was assessed in lung cancer patient tissues by
immunohistochemistry. Further, mRNA in situ hybridization was performed to evaluate the colocalization of
MFAP4 synthesis with alpha-smooth muscle actin. The proliferation of lung cancer cell lines in the presence
and absence of MFAP4 was evaluated by WST-1 assay in vitro. Then, Real-time PCR, and ELISA assays was
performed for evaluation of MFAP4 expression in normal and cancer cell lines. The lung cancer cell migration
was further evaluated by trans-well assay. RNA-sequencing was used for the identification of relevant
signaling pathways.Results: Bioinformatics, Real-time PCR, and ELISA assays have shown that MFAP4 expression significantly
upregulated in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, whereas it is absent from NSCLS. Further, mRNA in
situ hybridization staining confirmed that only SCLC patients have MFAP4 protein expression. Patient
samples supported that MFAP4 is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts; MFAP4 mRNA expression was
found in the TME and was overlapping with alpha-smooth muscle actin expression pattern in both SCLC and
NSCLC. Moreover, recombinant MFAP4 induced lung cancer migration and proliferation in vitro, and the
latter was reduced after anti-MFAP4 Ab treatment blocking MFAP4-integrin interaction. RNA-sequencing
supported that MFAP4 treatment of cancer cells induced pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in both SCLC and
NSCLC. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that MFAP4 has capacity to induce migration and proliferation of lung
cancer cells, and modulates cancer related signaling pathways, and might be a new candidate target for
intervention in lung cancer. Our data uniformly support that MFAP4 in TME may be involved in growth and
migration of lung cancer integrin dependently. Integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 are further involved in angiogenesis.
On this basis it is now warranted to set up anti-MFAP4 interventional studies in lung cancer models in vivo.
U2 - 10.21996/308e-cp69
DO - 10.21996/308e-cp69
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -