TY - GEN
T1 - The role of MIF and HTRA1 in multiple sclerosis
AU - Hjæresen, Simone
PY - 2022/10/24
Y1 - 2022/10/24
N2 - Background: MS is the most common chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS characterized by
lesions of inflammation, oligodendrocyte death and subsequent demyelination and
neurodegeneration. In the past decades, extensive research effort has gone into obtaining a better
understanding of the pathology of MS and identify new promising biomarkers for early RRMS
diagnosis and SPMS transition, but a lot remains to be clarified. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is involved in several functions within both the innate
and the adaptive immune systems but has also been linked to neuronal survival and glia cell functions.
MIF has also been implicated in several neurological diseases including Alzheimers disease,
Parkinsons disease, and MS. We have recently reported that MIF binds to and inhibits the enzymatic
activity of the trypsin-like serine protease High Temperature Requirement Serine Protease A1
(HTRA1). HTRA1 degrades ECMs, microtubules and receptors and ligands of the TGFβ, Notch and
Wnt signaling pathways, thereby regulating several cellular functions. It has been linked to several
age-related-, autoimmune- and neurological diseases but has not been investigated in MS before.Objective and methods: We wanted to clarify the role of MIF and HTRA1 in the pathogenesis of
MS by determining the protein levels in the CSF of MS patients from already available patient
cohorts. MIF and HTRA1 CSF levels were measured using sandwich ELISAs in CSF from newly
diagnosed treatment naïve CIS as well as RRMS and SPMS patients, both untreated and those that
had received DMT. We also studied the cellular distribution of the proteins in human tissue and
verified the results in the recently available OligoInternode database. The role of MIF in de- and
remyelination was studied using 0.3% CPZ intoxication for 6 weeks followed by 2 days or 2 weeks
of remyelination. Changes in MIF expression pattern and levels were studied using ELISA and
immune labeling followed by manual and automated cell counting and quantification on the
ImageExpress Pico. A possible role of MIF in de- and remyelination-related processes were studied
using astrocytes, microglia, and OPCs isolated from mixed glia cell cultures as well as cortical
neuronal cultures. To mimic inflammatory demyelinating conditions cells were treated with IFNγ.
Cell metabolism were studied using MTT conversion, proliferation using Ki67 immune labeling and
migration using TrackMate single cell tracking. Neurite outgrowth and complexity was studied based
on the quantification of β-III-tubulin immune labeling in cortical neurons.Results: HTRA1 CSF levels were increased in both RRMS and SPMS patients compared to HCs and
correlated with disability. Treatment with DMT significantly decreased HTRA1 CSF levels in both MS subtypes. MIF was instead significantly decreased in both newly diagnosed treatment naïve CISand RRMS patients, while elevated in patients with SPMS compared to HCs. Treatment with
dimethyl fumarate did not significantly affect MIF levels in the CSF of RRMS while mitoxantrone
treatment in the SPMS showed a tendency to decrease MIF CSF levels. Using ROC analyses we
found that HTRA1 could be a promising diagnostic biomarker for RRMS, while MIF may have some
potential as a prognostic biomarker for SPMS conversion. HTRA1 was predominately expressed in
astrocytes but was also found in neurons in human brain tissue. MIF protein was expressed in large
cortical neurons, astrocytes, pericytes and oligo5 oligodendrocytes but not in microglia. MIF protein expression in murine brain tissue was similar to what we saw in human tissue, with high
expression in neurons and some diffusely spread glia cells. CPZ-induced demyelination significantly
decreased MIF CNS levels probably due to reduced neuronal expression. This reduction in MIF CNS
levels persisted during endogenous remyelination and may decrease astrocyte and microglia
proliferation, as well as reducing astrocyte motility. In the corpus callosum MIF was significantly
upregulated in OPCs during acute remyelination and this local upregulation may drive OPC
proliferation and migration. MIF itself did not directly affect neuronal functions.Discussion and conclusion: HTRA1 is a promising CSF biomarker for MS correlating with diseaseand disability progression. Increased HTRA1 in RRMS patients may reflect infiltration of activated
macrophages, while increased levels in SPMS patients may be partly caused by CNS resident
processes such as astrogliosis, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. MIF CSF levels were lower in
CIS and RRMS patients compared to HCs and increased with disease progression. No association
was found with disease activity in the RRMS or RRMS conversion in the CIS patients, suggesting
that decreased MIF CNS levels reflects an underlying pathology. In support of this, MIF was also
decreased both during de- and remyelination in mice. Reduced MIF levels may decrease neuronal
survival and the initial CNS resident response to tissue damage. Increased MIF in SPMS patients may
arise due to neuronal aging, as a compensational mechanism or due to neurodegeneration. This may
drive disease progression through MIF signaling in microglia and astrocytes. Local increase in MIF
in OPCs may drive several remyelinating related functions.
AB - Background: MS is the most common chronic inflammatory disorder of the CNS characterized by
lesions of inflammation, oligodendrocyte death and subsequent demyelination and
neurodegeneration. In the past decades, extensive research effort has gone into obtaining a better
understanding of the pathology of MS and identify new promising biomarkers for early RRMS
diagnosis and SPMS transition, but a lot remains to be clarified. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is involved in several functions within both the innate
and the adaptive immune systems but has also been linked to neuronal survival and glia cell functions.
MIF has also been implicated in several neurological diseases including Alzheimers disease,
Parkinsons disease, and MS. We have recently reported that MIF binds to and inhibits the enzymatic
activity of the trypsin-like serine protease High Temperature Requirement Serine Protease A1
(HTRA1). HTRA1 degrades ECMs, microtubules and receptors and ligands of the TGFβ, Notch and
Wnt signaling pathways, thereby regulating several cellular functions. It has been linked to several
age-related-, autoimmune- and neurological diseases but has not been investigated in MS before.Objective and methods: We wanted to clarify the role of MIF and HTRA1 in the pathogenesis of
MS by determining the protein levels in the CSF of MS patients from already available patient
cohorts. MIF and HTRA1 CSF levels were measured using sandwich ELISAs in CSF from newly
diagnosed treatment naïve CIS as well as RRMS and SPMS patients, both untreated and those that
had received DMT. We also studied the cellular distribution of the proteins in human tissue and
verified the results in the recently available OligoInternode database. The role of MIF in de- and
remyelination was studied using 0.3% CPZ intoxication for 6 weeks followed by 2 days or 2 weeks
of remyelination. Changes in MIF expression pattern and levels were studied using ELISA and
immune labeling followed by manual and automated cell counting and quantification on the
ImageExpress Pico. A possible role of MIF in de- and remyelination-related processes were studied
using astrocytes, microglia, and OPCs isolated from mixed glia cell cultures as well as cortical
neuronal cultures. To mimic inflammatory demyelinating conditions cells were treated with IFNγ.
Cell metabolism were studied using MTT conversion, proliferation using Ki67 immune labeling and
migration using TrackMate single cell tracking. Neurite outgrowth and complexity was studied based
on the quantification of β-III-tubulin immune labeling in cortical neurons.Results: HTRA1 CSF levels were increased in both RRMS and SPMS patients compared to HCs and
correlated with disability. Treatment with DMT significantly decreased HTRA1 CSF levels in both MS subtypes. MIF was instead significantly decreased in both newly diagnosed treatment naïve CISand RRMS patients, while elevated in patients with SPMS compared to HCs. Treatment with
dimethyl fumarate did not significantly affect MIF levels in the CSF of RRMS while mitoxantrone
treatment in the SPMS showed a tendency to decrease MIF CSF levels. Using ROC analyses we
found that HTRA1 could be a promising diagnostic biomarker for RRMS, while MIF may have some
potential as a prognostic biomarker for SPMS conversion. HTRA1 was predominately expressed in
astrocytes but was also found in neurons in human brain tissue. MIF protein was expressed in large
cortical neurons, astrocytes, pericytes and oligo5 oligodendrocytes but not in microglia. MIF protein expression in murine brain tissue was similar to what we saw in human tissue, with high
expression in neurons and some diffusely spread glia cells. CPZ-induced demyelination significantly
decreased MIF CNS levels probably due to reduced neuronal expression. This reduction in MIF CNS
levels persisted during endogenous remyelination and may decrease astrocyte and microglia
proliferation, as well as reducing astrocyte motility. In the corpus callosum MIF was significantly
upregulated in OPCs during acute remyelination and this local upregulation may drive OPC
proliferation and migration. MIF itself did not directly affect neuronal functions.Discussion and conclusion: HTRA1 is a promising CSF biomarker for MS correlating with diseaseand disability progression. Increased HTRA1 in RRMS patients may reflect infiltration of activated
macrophages, while increased levels in SPMS patients may be partly caused by CNS resident
processes such as astrogliosis, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. MIF CSF levels were lower in
CIS and RRMS patients compared to HCs and increased with disease progression. No association
was found with disease activity in the RRMS or RRMS conversion in the CIS patients, suggesting
that decreased MIF CNS levels reflects an underlying pathology. In support of this, MIF was also
decreased both during de- and remyelination in mice. Reduced MIF levels may decrease neuronal
survival and the initial CNS resident response to tissue damage. Increased MIF in SPMS patients may
arise due to neuronal aging, as a compensational mechanism or due to neurodegeneration. This may
drive disease progression through MIF signaling in microglia and astrocytes. Local increase in MIF
in OPCs may drive several remyelinating related functions.
U2 - 10.21996/nykv-wd11
DO - 10.21996/nykv-wd11
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -