TY - GEN
T1 - The role of Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis
AU - Kanaan, Reine Toufic
PY - 2022/7/8
Y1 - 2022/7/8
N2 - Chronic liver injuries of different etiologies such as viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption or metabolic disorders, trigger a continuous wound healing response which consists of chronic inflammation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in a pathological status called liver fibrosis. A more advanced stage characterized by disruption of the parenchymal architecture, nodule formation and liver failure, is known as cirrhosis. Until now, liver transplantation remains the only available and effective treatment. However, removal of the initial cause of liver injury or development of antifibrotic therapies is beneficial for the regression of cirrhosis or resolution of early hepatic fibrosis. On the cellular level, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), non-parenchymal liver resident cells, is the key event in fibrogenesis. Following activation, HSCs undergo a trans-differentiation from quiescent vitamin A storing cells to myofibroblast-like cells and constitute the main contributor to the myofibroblast pool in the liver and are the main cellular source for scar tissue deposition during fibrosis. A proteomic analysis of a micro-dissected human cirrhotic liver, conducted in 2009, revealed a novel candidate biomarker, Microfibrillar associated protein 4 (MFAP4), among the highly upregulated proteins in the cirrhotic septa. MFAP4 is an extracellular component of the microfibrillar niche, it has been located to elastic fibersrich regions, mainly in arteries, heart, lungs and skin. It can bind to ECM proteins including elastin and collagen and contributes to the process of elastogenesis. It has been also shown that it binds integrins αvβ3, αvβ5. MFAP4 also exists in a soluble state in the bronchoalveolar lavage and in the blood flow. Several studies have demonstrated the association of MFAP4 with pathological disorders involving ECM remodeling such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, tissue aging, and fibrotic diseases. Circulating MFAP4 was identified as a robust biomarker for hepatitis C virus and alcoholic liver disease-related liver fibrosis, whereas MFAP4 remains unexplored as a candidate biomarker for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, the mechanistic role of MFAP4 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has not yet been elucidated. Understanding the key pathways in which MFAP4 is implicated in liver fibrosis is essential for developing an effective and site directed anti-fibrotic treatment based on MFAP4 blocking. The aim of this PhD thesis is to understand the role of MFAP4 in the pathology of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we investigated the role MFAP4 in modulation of HSCs phenotype and studied the effect of neutralizing MFAP4 on disease progression, in experimental models of liver fibrosis. Moreover, we assessed the potentialuse of serum MFAP4 as biomarker for NAFLD related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Chapter 2 (manuscript I) is a narrative literature review summarizing the current knowledge of MFAP4s role in tissue homeostasis and contribution to the pathogenesis of disease-induced tissue remodeling. The potential use of circulatory MFAP4 as a diagnostic and prognostic non-invasive biomarker is also overviewed in several pathological disorders. Chapter 3 (Manuscript II) reports our investigations on the role of MFAP4 in liver fibrogenesis. We showed that MFAP4 promotes HSCs adhesion and PDGF-mediated migration in vitro through integrin αvβ3. Our in vivo experiments revealed that antibody-mediated blocking of MFAP4 protects from fibrosis progressionfollowing CCl4-induced liver injury by reducing collagen deposition and activated myofibroblasts and influencing sinusoidal capillarization. Overall, our results showed that MFAP4 is an important regulator of liver fibrogenesis and constitutes a novel therapeutical target for treatment of liver fibrosis. Chapter 4 (Manuscript III) describes our investigation of serum MFAP4 as non-invasive biomarker for NAFLD-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. We conducted a case control study in Lebanon in which NAFLD patients and healthy controls were recruited. We observed an increase in serum MFAP4 level with increaseddisease severity in NAFLD patients. This level was significantly higher in advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Moreover, serum MFAP4 levels were positively correlated with transient elastography values. In conclusion, this PhD thesis provides an understanding of the possible mechanisms of action of MFAP4 under homeostatic versus pathological conditions. We confirm the role of MFAP4 in liver fibrogenesis and identify the efficacy of MFAP4 as anti-fibrotic target. Finally, our findings are in favor of the use of circulating MFAP4 as biomarker for NAFLD related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
AB - Chronic liver injuries of different etiologies such as viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption or metabolic disorders, trigger a continuous wound healing response which consists of chronic inflammation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in a pathological status called liver fibrosis. A more advanced stage characterized by disruption of the parenchymal architecture, nodule formation and liver failure, is known as cirrhosis. Until now, liver transplantation remains the only available and effective treatment. However, removal of the initial cause of liver injury or development of antifibrotic therapies is beneficial for the regression of cirrhosis or resolution of early hepatic fibrosis. On the cellular level, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), non-parenchymal liver resident cells, is the key event in fibrogenesis. Following activation, HSCs undergo a trans-differentiation from quiescent vitamin A storing cells to myofibroblast-like cells and constitute the main contributor to the myofibroblast pool in the liver and are the main cellular source for scar tissue deposition during fibrosis. A proteomic analysis of a micro-dissected human cirrhotic liver, conducted in 2009, revealed a novel candidate biomarker, Microfibrillar associated protein 4 (MFAP4), among the highly upregulated proteins in the cirrhotic septa. MFAP4 is an extracellular component of the microfibrillar niche, it has been located to elastic fibersrich regions, mainly in arteries, heart, lungs and skin. It can bind to ECM proteins including elastin and collagen and contributes to the process of elastogenesis. It has been also shown that it binds integrins αvβ3, αvβ5. MFAP4 also exists in a soluble state in the bronchoalveolar lavage and in the blood flow. Several studies have demonstrated the association of MFAP4 with pathological disorders involving ECM remodeling such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, tissue aging, and fibrotic diseases. Circulating MFAP4 was identified as a robust biomarker for hepatitis C virus and alcoholic liver disease-related liver fibrosis, whereas MFAP4 remains unexplored as a candidate biomarker for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, the mechanistic role of MFAP4 in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has not yet been elucidated. Understanding the key pathways in which MFAP4 is implicated in liver fibrosis is essential for developing an effective and site directed anti-fibrotic treatment based on MFAP4 blocking. The aim of this PhD thesis is to understand the role of MFAP4 in the pathology of liver fibrosis. Therefore, we investigated the role MFAP4 in modulation of HSCs phenotype and studied the effect of neutralizing MFAP4 on disease progression, in experimental models of liver fibrosis. Moreover, we assessed the potentialuse of serum MFAP4 as biomarker for NAFLD related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Chapter 2 (manuscript I) is a narrative literature review summarizing the current knowledge of MFAP4s role in tissue homeostasis and contribution to the pathogenesis of disease-induced tissue remodeling. The potential use of circulatory MFAP4 as a diagnostic and prognostic non-invasive biomarker is also overviewed in several pathological disorders. Chapter 3 (Manuscript II) reports our investigations on the role of MFAP4 in liver fibrogenesis. We showed that MFAP4 promotes HSCs adhesion and PDGF-mediated migration in vitro through integrin αvβ3. Our in vivo experiments revealed that antibody-mediated blocking of MFAP4 protects from fibrosis progressionfollowing CCl4-induced liver injury by reducing collagen deposition and activated myofibroblasts and influencing sinusoidal capillarization. Overall, our results showed that MFAP4 is an important regulator of liver fibrogenesis and constitutes a novel therapeutical target for treatment of liver fibrosis. Chapter 4 (Manuscript III) describes our investigation of serum MFAP4 as non-invasive biomarker for NAFLD-related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. We conducted a case control study in Lebanon in which NAFLD patients and healthy controls were recruited. We observed an increase in serum MFAP4 level with increaseddisease severity in NAFLD patients. This level was significantly higher in advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Moreover, serum MFAP4 levels were positively correlated with transient elastography values. In conclusion, this PhD thesis provides an understanding of the possible mechanisms of action of MFAP4 under homeostatic versus pathological conditions. We confirm the role of MFAP4 in liver fibrogenesis and identify the efficacy of MFAP4 as anti-fibrotic target. Finally, our findings are in favor of the use of circulating MFAP4 as biomarker for NAFLD related liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
U2 - 10.21996/8n0z-h583
DO - 10.21996/8n0z-h583
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -