TY - GEN
T1 - The Role of Aldosterone in Diabetes-Related Vascular Disease: A New Therapeutic Target?
AU - Finsen, Stine Louise Høyer
PY - 2020/9
Y1 - 2020/9
N2 - Background: Aldosterone is synthesized and released to plasma from zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal glands. Aldosterone mainly regulates the electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure through effects in the distal nephron of the kidney. Aldosterone exerts its effects through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Beyond epithelial cells in the kidney, MR is present in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall. In the vasculature, aldosterone may induce formation of nitric oxide (NO) generating vasodilation Aldosterone may also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction and insulin resistance. These opposing effects are balanced in the healthy vasculature in part by endogenous antioxidants.Hypothesis: Aldosterone contributes to vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes by ROS dependent and independent mechanisms. Methods: The acute vascular effects of aldosterone were examined in patients with type 2 diabetes and compared to a healthy control group. 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes (< 5 years) and 14 healthy control subjects (pseudo-matched) were enrolled to participate in the study. The effects of eight weeks of MR blockade (by eplerenone) on ROS signaling, endothelial function, tissue perfusion and insulin sensitivity were studied in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls in a case-control interventional design. Part IWe hypothesized that: 1) Acute vascular effects of aldosterone are associated with a vasoconstriction in individuals with type 2 diabetes and vasodilation in healthy individuals, and 2) aldosterone in the presence of NAC will diminish the aldosterone-induced vasoconstrictor response in individuals with type 2 diabetes. 3) MR blockade will improve aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes in vivo and ex vivo. Of the enrolled subjects, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 14 healthy controls were included in Part I of the study. Measurements of leg hemodynamics (ultrasound doppler, arterial pressure and O2 arterial-venous difference) was performed at baseline and during incremental infusion of aldosterone (0.2 and 5.0 ng [L Leg volume]-1), acetylcholine (ACh; 10, 25 and 100 ug∙min-1 [L Leg volume]-1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2 and 5 ug∙min-1 [L Leg volume]-1) with and without concomitant infusion of n-acetylcysteine (NAC (antioxidant); loading dose of 125 mg∙kg-1 hour-1, followed by a maintenance dose of 25 mg∙kg-1 hour-1) in the femoral artery. Infusions and measurements were done prior to and following eight weeks of MR blockade. Plasma samples were collected and immediately analyzed for content of blood gases and hemoglobin using an ABL835 analyzer. Plasma aliquots were analyzed for aldosterone by ELISA and stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx; NO2- + NO3-) by a colorimetric assay. A muscle biopsy was obtained from m. vastus lateralis of the non-experimental leg, in order to examine the functional properties of human skeletal arterioles ex vivo. In the in vivo study, infusion of aldosterone at the high dose caused a decrease in leg blood flow (LBF) and vascular conductance in the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group, attenuated by concomitant NAC infusion. Thus, aldosterone could contribute to the remodeling of vascular tone in individuals with type 2 diabetes. No difference in the plasma levels of [NOx], LBF and/or vascular conductance were detected in the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group or in the individual groups, during infusion of ACh and/or SNP prior to and following MR blockade. These findings indicate no vascular beneficial effects of MR blockade.Ex vivo sub studyThe aim was to determine the functional properties of arterioles obtained from human skeletal muscle tissue, to investigate if in vivo results matched ex vivo conditions and an ex vivo effect of eight weeks of MR blockade on endothelial function in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls. 5 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 4 healthy controls obtained from Part I of the in vivo study were included prior to MR blockade, and 6 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 5 healthy controls were included following MR blockade. The isolated human arterioles from skeletal muscle were individually mounted in a perfusion myograph. A viability test was completed in the beginning and end of the experimental protocol, inducing depolarization in the presence of high KCL (70 mmol L-1 K+). Subsequently the thromboxane analog U46619 was used to precontract the arterioles followed by incremental concentration of ACh, ACh in the presence of Apocynin and SNP. Due to technical and pharmacological difficulties it was unfortunately not possible to conceive the necessary valid data in order to make conclusions. For future studies conducted on human skeletal muscle arterioles, it might be an advantage to examine different pharmacological interventions in a larger pilot study, ensuring validation of the chosen methods.Part II We hypothesized that: Systemic and chronic MR blockade improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Of the enrolled subjects, 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 10 healthy controls were included in Part II of the study. A two-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (20 and 50 mU∙m-2 min-1 infused insulin) was conducted to assess insulin sensitivity prior to and following eight weeks of MR blockade. During periods of steady-state of each clamp stage, plasma sample for later analysis of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide were collected and the measurements in part used to estimate steady-state β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance calculated by the computer-based HOMA2 v.2.2.3. Plasma aliquots were analysed for glucose using Cobas8000 including assessment of hemoglobin (H), icterus (I) and lipaemia (L), insulin by ELISA and C-peptide using Cobas e411 analyzer by electro‐chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). The levels of plasma glucose were higher in the individuals with type 2 diabetes at baseline compared to the control group, prior to and following MR blockade. Subanalysis revealed lower plasma glucose levels in the female population within the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the males. Compared to prior to MR blockade, a lower glucose infusion rate during clamp stage two of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was noted in the individuals with type 2 diabetes following the intervention. As the glucose infusion rate is a direct measurement of insulin sensitivity, MR blockade could have caused a progression of insulin sensitivity in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. Even though the included individuals with type 2 diabetes were well pharmacological treated, no therapies abolish the progressive loss of β-cell function completely, whereby the results could be interpreted as independent of MR blockade. The absence of a comparable placebo group complicates the interpretation of these findings.Collectively, the present findings indicate a possible contribution of aldosterone in the vascular dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but no beneficial effects of eight weeks of MR blockade on the endothelial function, tissue perfusion or insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes were shown.
AB - Background: Aldosterone is synthesized and released to plasma from zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal glands. Aldosterone mainly regulates the electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure through effects in the distal nephron of the kidney. Aldosterone exerts its effects through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Beyond epithelial cells in the kidney, MR is present in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall. In the vasculature, aldosterone may induce formation of nitric oxide (NO) generating vasodilation Aldosterone may also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contribute to endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction and insulin resistance. These opposing effects are balanced in the healthy vasculature in part by endogenous antioxidants.Hypothesis: Aldosterone contributes to vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes by ROS dependent and independent mechanisms. Methods: The acute vascular effects of aldosterone were examined in patients with type 2 diabetes and compared to a healthy control group. 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes (< 5 years) and 14 healthy control subjects (pseudo-matched) were enrolled to participate in the study. The effects of eight weeks of MR blockade (by eplerenone) on ROS signaling, endothelial function, tissue perfusion and insulin sensitivity were studied in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls in a case-control interventional design. Part IWe hypothesized that: 1) Acute vascular effects of aldosterone are associated with a vasoconstriction in individuals with type 2 diabetes and vasodilation in healthy individuals, and 2) aldosterone in the presence of NAC will diminish the aldosterone-induced vasoconstrictor response in individuals with type 2 diabetes. 3) MR blockade will improve aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes in vivo and ex vivo. Of the enrolled subjects, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 14 healthy controls were included in Part I of the study. Measurements of leg hemodynamics (ultrasound doppler, arterial pressure and O2 arterial-venous difference) was performed at baseline and during incremental infusion of aldosterone (0.2 and 5.0 ng [L Leg volume]-1), acetylcholine (ACh; 10, 25 and 100 ug∙min-1 [L Leg volume]-1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2 and 5 ug∙min-1 [L Leg volume]-1) with and without concomitant infusion of n-acetylcysteine (NAC (antioxidant); loading dose of 125 mg∙kg-1 hour-1, followed by a maintenance dose of 25 mg∙kg-1 hour-1) in the femoral artery. Infusions and measurements were done prior to and following eight weeks of MR blockade. Plasma samples were collected and immediately analyzed for content of blood gases and hemoglobin using an ABL835 analyzer. Plasma aliquots were analyzed for aldosterone by ELISA and stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx; NO2- + NO3-) by a colorimetric assay. A muscle biopsy was obtained from m. vastus lateralis of the non-experimental leg, in order to examine the functional properties of human skeletal arterioles ex vivo. In the in vivo study, infusion of aldosterone at the high dose caused a decrease in leg blood flow (LBF) and vascular conductance in the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group, attenuated by concomitant NAC infusion. Thus, aldosterone could contribute to the remodeling of vascular tone in individuals with type 2 diabetes. No difference in the plasma levels of [NOx], LBF and/or vascular conductance were detected in the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group or in the individual groups, during infusion of ACh and/or SNP prior to and following MR blockade. These findings indicate no vascular beneficial effects of MR blockade.Ex vivo sub studyThe aim was to determine the functional properties of arterioles obtained from human skeletal muscle tissue, to investigate if in vivo results matched ex vivo conditions and an ex vivo effect of eight weeks of MR blockade on endothelial function in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls. 5 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 4 healthy controls obtained from Part I of the in vivo study were included prior to MR blockade, and 6 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 5 healthy controls were included following MR blockade. The isolated human arterioles from skeletal muscle were individually mounted in a perfusion myograph. A viability test was completed in the beginning and end of the experimental protocol, inducing depolarization in the presence of high KCL (70 mmol L-1 K+). Subsequently the thromboxane analog U46619 was used to precontract the arterioles followed by incremental concentration of ACh, ACh in the presence of Apocynin and SNP. Due to technical and pharmacological difficulties it was unfortunately not possible to conceive the necessary valid data in order to make conclusions. For future studies conducted on human skeletal muscle arterioles, it might be an advantage to examine different pharmacological interventions in a larger pilot study, ensuring validation of the chosen methods.Part II We hypothesized that: Systemic and chronic MR blockade improves insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Of the enrolled subjects, 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 10 healthy controls were included in Part II of the study. A two-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (20 and 50 mU∙m-2 min-1 infused insulin) was conducted to assess insulin sensitivity prior to and following eight weeks of MR blockade. During periods of steady-state of each clamp stage, plasma sample for later analysis of plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide were collected and the measurements in part used to estimate steady-state β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance calculated by the computer-based HOMA2 v.2.2.3. Plasma aliquots were analysed for glucose using Cobas8000 including assessment of hemoglobin (H), icterus (I) and lipaemia (L), insulin by ELISA and C-peptide using Cobas e411 analyzer by electro‐chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). The levels of plasma glucose were higher in the individuals with type 2 diabetes at baseline compared to the control group, prior to and following MR blockade. Subanalysis revealed lower plasma glucose levels in the female population within the individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to the males. Compared to prior to MR blockade, a lower glucose infusion rate during clamp stage two of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was noted in the individuals with type 2 diabetes following the intervention. As the glucose infusion rate is a direct measurement of insulin sensitivity, MR blockade could have caused a progression of insulin sensitivity in the individuals with type 2 diabetes. Even though the included individuals with type 2 diabetes were well pharmacological treated, no therapies abolish the progressive loss of β-cell function completely, whereby the results could be interpreted as independent of MR blockade. The absence of a comparable placebo group complicates the interpretation of these findings.Collectively, the present findings indicate a possible contribution of aldosterone in the vascular dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes, but no beneficial effects of eight weeks of MR blockade on the endothelial function, tissue perfusion or insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes were shown.
U2 - 10.21996/1194-4g74
DO - 10.21996/1194-4g74
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -