TY - GEN
T1 - The personal daily impact of hypoglycaemia among adults with diabetes: Development and first use of the Hypo-METRICS app
AU - Søholm, Uffe
PY - 2022/9/30
Y1 - 2022/9/30
N2 - Diabetes mellitus is characterised by elevated blood glucose levels caused by reduced production and/or sensitivity of endogenous insulin. People with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and 10-20% of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) need exogenous supply of insulin to manage their glucose levels. However, a common side effect of insulin treatment is low blood glucose, also known as hypoglycaemia, which has been found to impact on the person with diabetes across several do-mains of life, including physical, psychological, and social domains. Past research in this area is limited by important methodological shortcomings, as it is dominated by retrospective assessment, which is prone to recall bias, and assessment conducted in experimental settings, which lacks eco-logical validity. Additionally, advances in continuous glucose monitoring suggest that many episodes of hypoglycaemia are asymptomatic, and evidence remains limited regarding the impact of these episodes on the daily life of the person with diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this PhD research pro-gram was to determine the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning in adults with T1DM and insulin-treated T2DM.A mixed methods approach was used (presented in four papers) to develop, assess, and use a novel tool to address this overall aim. This research is part of the Hypoglycemia MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS (Hypo-METRICS) study, conducted in five European countries, as part of the Hypo-RESOLVE (Hypoglycaemia – Redefining SOLutions for better liVEs) project. Paper 1 presents the iterative process of the conceptualisation and design of the novel Hypo-METRICS smartphone ap-plication (app), using ecological momentary assessment methods to assess subjective daily func-tioning. Additionally, Paper 1 describes the plan for the first use of the app, in combination with a blinded continuous glucose monitor, in a 10-week study. Paper 2 presents quantitative evidence of the acceptability and psychometric properties of the Hypo-METRICS app, with data from the first 100 study participants. Paper 3 describes a qualitative study exploring the content validity, acceptability, and feasibility of using the app, via interviews with 18 Hypo-METRICS participants. Finally, Paper 4 presents preliminary analyses of the Hypo-METRICS study data, focused on the impact of self-treated (i.e., non-severe) hypoglycaemia (daytime and night-time, person-reported and sensor de-tected) on daily functioning.The results of the first three papers show that the Hypo-METRICS app is, generally, an acceptable, valid, and reliable tool for assessing the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning. The prelimi-nary Hypo-METRICS findings in Paper 4 suggest that hypoglycaemia impacts negatively on multiple aspects of daily functioning including sleep quality, cognitive functioning, energy, mood, affect, fear of hypoglycaemia, fear of hyperglycaemia, social functioning, productivity, hours worked and activities other than work. Two central elements of this negative impact appear to be: 1) the person with diabetes recognising the episodes (either via symptoms or from a measured low glucose), and 2) the action required to prevent or treat hypoglycaemia. Sensor-detected low glucose levels, which were not recognised by the person, had limited impact on daily functioning.The findings presented in this PhD program of research provide novel insights into the real-time impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning among adults with insulin-treated diabetes. They sug-gest several important implications for clinical practice. First, not only severe hypoglycaemia, but all hypoglycaemia, including night-time and daytime episodes, episodes with and without symptoms, as well as self-treated and prevented episodes, require attention in clinical practice, and its potential impact on daily functioning should inform support, or education, tailored to the individual to reduce the negative impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning. Second, self-treated hypoglycaemia has negative impact on multiple areas of daily functioning, and this multi-faceted impact needs to be acknowledged and may require attention. Third, as preventing episodes of hypoglycaemia can impact negatively on daily functioning, the treatment goals should not solely focus on reducing the frequency of hypoglycaemia, but should acknowledge that both treating and avoiding hypoglycaemia can have negative consequences for the individual. Fourth, despite many advantages of continuous glucose monitoring technology, it has a significant limitation of increasing awareness and recognition of all hypoglycaemia, with potential negative impact on daily functioning. Finally, although developed for research purposes, the Hypo-METRICS app shows potential for use in clinical practice to assess the daily and personal impact of hypoglycaemia. Future research could explore the potential and benefits from using the Hypo-METRICS app for momentary assessment to help optimise and personalise diabetes management for the person with diabetes, and perhaps as a tool to help increase awareness of hypoglycaemia symptoms and impact. More work is needed to explore characteristics of subgroups of people with diabetes who are more negatively impacted by hypoglycaemia than others. Further, what constitutes meaningful changes of daily functioning from day to day needs to be explored in greater detail.The novel Hypo-METRICS app represents a new direction and methodology for assessing the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning in research studies and, perhaps, in clinical practice. It has considerable potential for enabling a new generation of real-time research to improve our understanding of hypoglycaemia and its personal daily impact on people living with diabetes.
AB - Diabetes mellitus is characterised by elevated blood glucose levels caused by reduced production and/or sensitivity of endogenous insulin. People with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and 10-20% of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) need exogenous supply of insulin to manage their glucose levels. However, a common side effect of insulin treatment is low blood glucose, also known as hypoglycaemia, which has been found to impact on the person with diabetes across several do-mains of life, including physical, psychological, and social domains. Past research in this area is limited by important methodological shortcomings, as it is dominated by retrospective assessment, which is prone to recall bias, and assessment conducted in experimental settings, which lacks eco-logical validity. Additionally, advances in continuous glucose monitoring suggest that many episodes of hypoglycaemia are asymptomatic, and evidence remains limited regarding the impact of these episodes on the daily life of the person with diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this PhD research pro-gram was to determine the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning in adults with T1DM and insulin-treated T2DM.A mixed methods approach was used (presented in four papers) to develop, assess, and use a novel tool to address this overall aim. This research is part of the Hypoglycemia MEasurement, ThResholds and ImpaCtS (Hypo-METRICS) study, conducted in five European countries, as part of the Hypo-RESOLVE (Hypoglycaemia – Redefining SOLutions for better liVEs) project. Paper 1 presents the iterative process of the conceptualisation and design of the novel Hypo-METRICS smartphone ap-plication (app), using ecological momentary assessment methods to assess subjective daily func-tioning. Additionally, Paper 1 describes the plan for the first use of the app, in combination with a blinded continuous glucose monitor, in a 10-week study. Paper 2 presents quantitative evidence of the acceptability and psychometric properties of the Hypo-METRICS app, with data from the first 100 study participants. Paper 3 describes a qualitative study exploring the content validity, acceptability, and feasibility of using the app, via interviews with 18 Hypo-METRICS participants. Finally, Paper 4 presents preliminary analyses of the Hypo-METRICS study data, focused on the impact of self-treated (i.e., non-severe) hypoglycaemia (daytime and night-time, person-reported and sensor de-tected) on daily functioning.The results of the first three papers show that the Hypo-METRICS app is, generally, an acceptable, valid, and reliable tool for assessing the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning. The prelimi-nary Hypo-METRICS findings in Paper 4 suggest that hypoglycaemia impacts negatively on multiple aspects of daily functioning including sleep quality, cognitive functioning, energy, mood, affect, fear of hypoglycaemia, fear of hyperglycaemia, social functioning, productivity, hours worked and activities other than work. Two central elements of this negative impact appear to be: 1) the person with diabetes recognising the episodes (either via symptoms or from a measured low glucose), and 2) the action required to prevent or treat hypoglycaemia. Sensor-detected low glucose levels, which were not recognised by the person, had limited impact on daily functioning.The findings presented in this PhD program of research provide novel insights into the real-time impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning among adults with insulin-treated diabetes. They sug-gest several important implications for clinical practice. First, not only severe hypoglycaemia, but all hypoglycaemia, including night-time and daytime episodes, episodes with and without symptoms, as well as self-treated and prevented episodes, require attention in clinical practice, and its potential impact on daily functioning should inform support, or education, tailored to the individual to reduce the negative impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning. Second, self-treated hypoglycaemia has negative impact on multiple areas of daily functioning, and this multi-faceted impact needs to be acknowledged and may require attention. Third, as preventing episodes of hypoglycaemia can impact negatively on daily functioning, the treatment goals should not solely focus on reducing the frequency of hypoglycaemia, but should acknowledge that both treating and avoiding hypoglycaemia can have negative consequences for the individual. Fourth, despite many advantages of continuous glucose monitoring technology, it has a significant limitation of increasing awareness and recognition of all hypoglycaemia, with potential negative impact on daily functioning. Finally, although developed for research purposes, the Hypo-METRICS app shows potential for use in clinical practice to assess the daily and personal impact of hypoglycaemia. Future research could explore the potential and benefits from using the Hypo-METRICS app for momentary assessment to help optimise and personalise diabetes management for the person with diabetes, and perhaps as a tool to help increase awareness of hypoglycaemia symptoms and impact. More work is needed to explore characteristics of subgroups of people with diabetes who are more negatively impacted by hypoglycaemia than others. Further, what constitutes meaningful changes of daily functioning from day to day needs to be explored in greater detail.The novel Hypo-METRICS app represents a new direction and methodology for assessing the impact of hypoglycaemia on daily functioning in research studies and, perhaps, in clinical practice. It has considerable potential for enabling a new generation of real-time research to improve our understanding of hypoglycaemia and its personal daily impact on people living with diabetes.
U2 - 10.21996/q100-yf09
DO - 10.21996/q100-yf09
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -