TY - GEN
T1 - The patient perspective on chronic wounds: Utilizing Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to assess impact
AU - Vestergaard Simonsen, Nina
PY - 2025/3/4
Y1 - 2025/3/4
N2 - Chronic wounds impose a significant burden at the individual and societal levels. Millions of
people are affected, and enormous amounts are spent on wound care. In the US Medicare
system alone, annual spending was estimated to range from 28 to 97 billion USD in 2014. With
the worldwide demographic shifting toward an elderly population, and with increasing rates of
obesity and especially diabetes, spending is expected to rise. Chronic wounds can be a lifelong
cycle of ulceration, healing, and recurrence. Its treatment can be complex, burdensome, and
ongoing from months to years and even never-ending as some wounds may fail to heal. In the
worst of cases, chronic wounds can lead to amputation or death. Efforts have been made to
understand how this condition and its consequences, such as amputation, impact patients’ lives
by collecting patient-reported outcomes (PRO). PRO are outcomes directly reported by a patient
without interpretation of the patient’s response by anyone else and include subjective outcomes
such as pain, symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Instruments used to measure
PRO are called patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). PRO should be measured by
rigorously developed, valid, reliable, and condition-specific PROMs. The WOUND-Q is a woundspecific PROM developed for chronic wounds of any type in any anatomic location. Chronic
wounds can have a tremendous impact on multiple aspects of a patient’s life; to improve
outcomes important to these patients, PROs must be measured reliably and validly. This PhD aimed to further evaluate whether the WOUND-Q is a reliable and valid PROM for
patients with chronic wounds and how patient and wound characteristics affect HRQL. First, a
further validation and test-retest study of the English version of the WOUND-Q was performed.
The nine WOUND-Q scales called Assessment, Drainage, Smell, Life Impact, Psychological, Sleep,
Dressing, and Suction Device were tested in an international sample recruited online. The quality
(i.e., psychometric properties) of the scales was assessed using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and
Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT). The analysis provided further evidence for the reliability,
test-retest reproducibility, validity, and interpretability of eight WOUND-Q scales. The WOUNDQ did not contain scales measuring function and symptoms, which are important outcomes for
patients with lower extremity wounds. Therefore, secondly, a Danish translation and linguistic
validation of the LIMB-Q was performed following international guidelines. This process involved
forward translation, backward translation, an expert panel meeting, and patient cognitive
interviews. A conceptually equivalent Danish version of the LIMB-Q was obtained for the original target population (i.e., patients with lower extremity trauma). Third, we validated the LIMB-Q
scales Function and Symptoms in patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. Two phases
were conducted: a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase. The qualitative phase consisted
of patient interviews to determine content validity, and the quantitative phase was a field-test
of the two scales in the international online sample from the first study to examine psychometric
performance. The qualitative and quantitative phases provided evidence of the reliability and
validity of these scales in patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. These two scales have
now been added to the WOUND-Q extending its comprehensiveness. After further establishing
the reliability and validity of the four WOUND-Q scales measuring HRQL (i.e., Life Impact,
Psychological, Sleep, and Social) and to some extent their interpretability, these scales were used
to gain deeper insights into the impact of chronic wounds on HRQL. By conducting a multivariable
linear regression in a sample of 1282 individuals with chronic wounds, patient and wound factors
associated with HRQL were identified. Factors associated with the scale scores differed among
the four scales. However, all the HRQL scales were negatively impacted in participants who
experienced wound-related sleep disturbances, and participants who had at least one
comorbidity different from diabetes or peripheral vascular disease. The factor that had the
greatest negative effect on HRQL was wound-related sleep disturbances. Together, these papers provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the WOUND-Q in
international research. The findings in this thesis expand the knowledge about how wound and
patient factors are associated with HRQL, and enable the measurement of function and
symptoms in patients with lower extremity wounds in both Danish and English.
AB - Chronic wounds impose a significant burden at the individual and societal levels. Millions of
people are affected, and enormous amounts are spent on wound care. In the US Medicare
system alone, annual spending was estimated to range from 28 to 97 billion USD in 2014. With
the worldwide demographic shifting toward an elderly population, and with increasing rates of
obesity and especially diabetes, spending is expected to rise. Chronic wounds can be a lifelong
cycle of ulceration, healing, and recurrence. Its treatment can be complex, burdensome, and
ongoing from months to years and even never-ending as some wounds may fail to heal. In the
worst of cases, chronic wounds can lead to amputation or death. Efforts have been made to
understand how this condition and its consequences, such as amputation, impact patients’ lives
by collecting patient-reported outcomes (PRO). PRO are outcomes directly reported by a patient
without interpretation of the patient’s response by anyone else and include subjective outcomes
such as pain, symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Instruments used to measure
PRO are called patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). PRO should be measured by
rigorously developed, valid, reliable, and condition-specific PROMs. The WOUND-Q is a woundspecific PROM developed for chronic wounds of any type in any anatomic location. Chronic
wounds can have a tremendous impact on multiple aspects of a patient’s life; to improve
outcomes important to these patients, PROs must be measured reliably and validly. This PhD aimed to further evaluate whether the WOUND-Q is a reliable and valid PROM for
patients with chronic wounds and how patient and wound characteristics affect HRQL. First, a
further validation and test-retest study of the English version of the WOUND-Q was performed.
The nine WOUND-Q scales called Assessment, Drainage, Smell, Life Impact, Psychological, Sleep,
Dressing, and Suction Device were tested in an international sample recruited online. The quality
(i.e., psychometric properties) of the scales was assessed using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and
Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT). The analysis provided further evidence for the reliability,
test-retest reproducibility, validity, and interpretability of eight WOUND-Q scales. The WOUNDQ did not contain scales measuring function and symptoms, which are important outcomes for
patients with lower extremity wounds. Therefore, secondly, a Danish translation and linguistic
validation of the LIMB-Q was performed following international guidelines. This process involved
forward translation, backward translation, an expert panel meeting, and patient cognitive
interviews. A conceptually equivalent Danish version of the LIMB-Q was obtained for the original target population (i.e., patients with lower extremity trauma). Third, we validated the LIMB-Q
scales Function and Symptoms in patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. Two phases
were conducted: a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase. The qualitative phase consisted
of patient interviews to determine content validity, and the quantitative phase was a field-test
of the two scales in the international online sample from the first study to examine psychometric
performance. The qualitative and quantitative phases provided evidence of the reliability and
validity of these scales in patients with chronic lower extremity wounds. These two scales have
now been added to the WOUND-Q extending its comprehensiveness. After further establishing
the reliability and validity of the four WOUND-Q scales measuring HRQL (i.e., Life Impact,
Psychological, Sleep, and Social) and to some extent their interpretability, these scales were used
to gain deeper insights into the impact of chronic wounds on HRQL. By conducting a multivariable
linear regression in a sample of 1282 individuals with chronic wounds, patient and wound factors
associated with HRQL were identified. Factors associated with the scale scores differed among
the four scales. However, all the HRQL scales were negatively impacted in participants who
experienced wound-related sleep disturbances, and participants who had at least one
comorbidity different from diabetes or peripheral vascular disease. The factor that had the
greatest negative effect on HRQL was wound-related sleep disturbances. Together, these papers provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the WOUND-Q in
international research. The findings in this thesis expand the knowledge about how wound and
patient factors are associated with HRQL, and enable the measurement of function and
symptoms in patients with lower extremity wounds in both Danish and English.
U2 - 10.21996/107086a0-5320-428b-b1da-dcf36645403e
DO - 10.21996/107086a0-5320-428b-b1da-dcf36645403e
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -