TY - GEN
T1 - The impact of tobacco control on smoking-related morbidity in the Danish population
AU - Jarlstrup, Nanna
PY - 2022/7/8
Y1 - 2022/7/8
N2 - Background: Smoking constitutes the single largest cause of preventable morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Due to the large-scale consequences for population health and the substantial economic
costs to society, tobacco control has been put on the political agenda as a key public health issue. Previous studies have found that successful implementation and enforcement of tobacco control policies are
effective in reducing smoking prevalence and second-hand smoke exposure, although effect sizes vary
between policies. An important approach is the implementation of smoking bans, that prohibit smoking
in workplaces and public places. Previous research has documented the effect of comprehensive smoking bans on preventing various smoking-related diseases in the years post-ban. In Denmark, a national
smoking ban was implemented in 2007, which banned indoor smoking in workplaces and public settings. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the impact of the smoking ban on smoking-related morbidity in the Danish population. Moreover, as beneficial effects of tobacco control policies may not be
equally distributed across population subgroups, attention must be given to subgroups that differ in
smoking behavior, incidence of disease, and susceptibility to tobacco use, such as the youth population
and lower socioeconomic groups, to avoid a widening of existing disparities and ensure that policy objectives are achieved.
Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to contribute with new knowledge about tobacco control in Denmark, especially the impact of the Danish national smoking ban from 2007. The specific aims were as
follows:
• To provide an overview of approaches to tobacco control policies and smoking cessation programs
targeting the youth population in Denmark and present current evidence of their effectiveness
(paper I)
• To test the hypothesis that the implementation of the national smoking ban from 2007 was associated with a decrease in the incidence of smoking-related morbidity in the Danish population
(paper II)
• To examine whether the effect of the national smoking ban from 2007 differed according to socioeconomic position (paper III)
Methods: A review of existing literature published from 2007 to 2017 addressing approaches to tobacco
control policies and smoking cessation programs targeting the youth population in Denmark was conducted (paper I). The search strategy combined database searches in scientific databases and contact
with national experts and stakeholders within this research field. Both scientific papers and ‘grey literature’ were included. In paper II and paper III, a register-based, interrupted time series design was applied, including the entire Danish adult population as the study population (30+ years). Nationwide, register data was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register, the Danish Register of Causes of
Death, the Population Education Register, and the Civil Registration System. Data was obtained and
linked at an individual level. Poisson regression models accounting for sex, age, seasonality, and underlying trends quantified immediate changes in monthly incidence rates of acute myocardial infarction,
heart failure, hemorrhage stroke, ischemic stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer in
bronchus and lung, cancer in the lip, mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, and bladder cancer, as well as
long-term changes in disease trends following the national smoking ban in 2007 compared to pre-ban
levels (paper II). Models were stratified on socioeconomic position to investigate the differential impact
of the smoking ban on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking-related cancers across socioeconomic groups (paper III).
Results: Several different tobacco control policies and smoking cessation programs had been implemented in Denmark before 2017; however, a few were specifically developed to target young people.
Further, there appeared to be a lack of consistent evaluations of the effectiveness of tobacco control policies (paper I). In paper II, no immediate decreases in incidence of any outcome were observed in the
Danish adult population after the national smoking ban compared to the pre-ban period. Further, no
changes in the disease trends were found post-ban (paper II). Neither immediate changes in rates following the smoking ban nor long-term changes in the disease trends for acute myocardial infarction, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking-related cancers were found across socioeconomic groups
(paper III). Socioeconomic gradients in the incidence of these smoking-related diseases were observed
both before and after the smoking ban with the highest rates in the lowest socioeconomic group.
Conclusion: This thesis highlights the potential to strengthen tobacco control in Denmark, especially
with regard to implementing tobacco control policies shown to be effective among young people. Further, continuous evaluation of efforts is needed to secure high-quality implementation and that intended
behavioral changes are achieved. No consistent reductions in smoking-related morbidity were found in
the overall Danish population or within socioeconomic groups after the smoking ban. Possibly, the lack
of a measurable impact reflects the partial coverage of the ban due to several exemptions, as well as the
influence of contextual factors, such as local smoke-free restrictions that were introduced in the years
preceding the enactment of the ban.
AB - Background: Smoking constitutes the single largest cause of preventable morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Due to the large-scale consequences for population health and the substantial economic
costs to society, tobacco control has been put on the political agenda as a key public health issue. Previous studies have found that successful implementation and enforcement of tobacco control policies are
effective in reducing smoking prevalence and second-hand smoke exposure, although effect sizes vary
between policies. An important approach is the implementation of smoking bans, that prohibit smoking
in workplaces and public places. Previous research has documented the effect of comprehensive smoking bans on preventing various smoking-related diseases in the years post-ban. In Denmark, a national
smoking ban was implemented in 2007, which banned indoor smoking in workplaces and public settings. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the impact of the smoking ban on smoking-related morbidity in the Danish population. Moreover, as beneficial effects of tobacco control policies may not be
equally distributed across population subgroups, attention must be given to subgroups that differ in
smoking behavior, incidence of disease, and susceptibility to tobacco use, such as the youth population
and lower socioeconomic groups, to avoid a widening of existing disparities and ensure that policy objectives are achieved.
Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to contribute with new knowledge about tobacco control in Denmark, especially the impact of the Danish national smoking ban from 2007. The specific aims were as
follows:
• To provide an overview of approaches to tobacco control policies and smoking cessation programs
targeting the youth population in Denmark and present current evidence of their effectiveness
(paper I)
• To test the hypothesis that the implementation of the national smoking ban from 2007 was associated with a decrease in the incidence of smoking-related morbidity in the Danish population
(paper II)
• To examine whether the effect of the national smoking ban from 2007 differed according to socioeconomic position (paper III)
Methods: A review of existing literature published from 2007 to 2017 addressing approaches to tobacco
control policies and smoking cessation programs targeting the youth population in Denmark was conducted (paper I). The search strategy combined database searches in scientific databases and contact
with national experts and stakeholders within this research field. Both scientific papers and ‘grey literature’ were included. In paper II and paper III, a register-based, interrupted time series design was applied, including the entire Danish adult population as the study population (30+ years). Nationwide, register data was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register, the Danish Register of Causes of
Death, the Population Education Register, and the Civil Registration System. Data was obtained and
linked at an individual level. Poisson regression models accounting for sex, age, seasonality, and underlying trends quantified immediate changes in monthly incidence rates of acute myocardial infarction,
heart failure, hemorrhage stroke, ischemic stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer in
bronchus and lung, cancer in the lip, mouth, oral cavity, and pharynx, and bladder cancer, as well as
long-term changes in disease trends following the national smoking ban in 2007 compared to pre-ban
levels (paper II). Models were stratified on socioeconomic position to investigate the differential impact
of the smoking ban on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking-related cancers across socioeconomic groups (paper III).
Results: Several different tobacco control policies and smoking cessation programs had been implemented in Denmark before 2017; however, a few were specifically developed to target young people.
Further, there appeared to be a lack of consistent evaluations of the effectiveness of tobacco control policies (paper I). In paper II, no immediate decreases in incidence of any outcome were observed in the
Danish adult population after the national smoking ban compared to the pre-ban period. Further, no
changes in the disease trends were found post-ban (paper II). Neither immediate changes in rates following the smoking ban nor long-term changes in the disease trends for acute myocardial infarction, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, and smoking-related cancers were found across socioeconomic groups
(paper III). Socioeconomic gradients in the incidence of these smoking-related diseases were observed
both before and after the smoking ban with the highest rates in the lowest socioeconomic group.
Conclusion: This thesis highlights the potential to strengthen tobacco control in Denmark, especially
with regard to implementing tobacco control policies shown to be effective among young people. Further, continuous evaluation of efforts is needed to secure high-quality implementation and that intended
behavioral changes are achieved. No consistent reductions in smoking-related morbidity were found in
the overall Danish population or within socioeconomic groups after the smoking ban. Possibly, the lack
of a measurable impact reflects the partial coverage of the ban due to several exemptions, as well as the
influence of contextual factors, such as local smoke-free restrictions that were introduced in the years
preceding the enactment of the ban.
KW - Tobacco control
KW - Tobacco
KW - Socioeconomic inequality
KW - Smoking cessation
KW - Time series analysis
KW - Tobakskontrol
KW - Tobak
KW - Social ulighed
KW - Rygestop
KW - Tidsserieanalyse
U2 - 10.21996/wx8f-wd63
DO - 10.21996/wx8f-wd63
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -