TY - GEN
T1 - Tetrathiafulvalenes in Molecular Machines – New Building Blocks and Controlled Movement
AU - Neumann, Mathias Stendorf
PY - 2023/10/30
Y1 - 2023/10/30
N2 - In the field of molecular machines, scientists are trying to mimic and even exceed the complicatedmachines of nature, with the construction of their artificial counterparts. In the field, a decisive wayof designing and synthesizing artificial molecular machines relies on the formation of the mechanicalbond, and hence the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules. The mechanical bond offersunprecedented control over motion and function, build on the foundation of supramolecularchemistry. This PhD thesis delves into the field of artificial molecular machines and utilizes the electron donating tetrathiafulvalenes (TTF, MPTTF, and BPTTF) and their complexation with the electron accepting macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) to form redox-switchable architectures such as [2]rotaxanes. For a long time, a major goal has been to control molecular movement exclusively by electricity and to harness the resulting work, and much progress has been made so far. This thesis focuses on the relationship between structure and movement and is separated into chapters dealing with small structural modifications of simple [2]rotaxanes, the introduction of rigidity, and new building blocks for rigid systems. The aim and outcome of each chapter are summarized below.Chapter 2 describes the synthesis and investigations of four structurally similar [2]rotaxanes, to obtain a comprehensive insight into the movement of CBPQT4+ across the oxidized MPTTF2+, and the influence of structural modifications on the movement. Kinetic investigations based on 1H NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry yielded energy landscapes of both oxidized and neutral [2]rotaxanes, and the investigations proved how small modifications can be used to slow down or speed up the movement in question by modifying the energy landscapes. From the obtained results the design of a pumping cassette incorporating MPTTF is proposed. Chapter 3 describes the work toward surface-functionalized molecular machines. In the chapter a new class of non-symmetric BPTTF building blocks is synthesized and investigated. Furthermore, new protocols for the successful preparation of rigidified [2]rotaxanes are developed, including the introduction of hydrophilic stoppers, and the investigation of their influence on the movement of CBPQT4+ in rigid systems. The investigations showed that the hydrophilic stoppers stabilize the CBPQT4+ to a degree where the movement is heavily restricted. Lastly, prototypes of molecular machines for surface functionalization were synthesized and attempted to be functionalized on the surface of a gold electrode. Although many milestones towards obtaining surface-functionalized molecular machines incorporating TTF derivatives were reached, many challenges remain unresolved.Chapter 4 describes the incorporation of the new non-symmetric BPTTF building blocks in flexible [2]rotaxanes and [2]pseudorotaxanes, with the aim of quantifying their function as an electrostatic barrier for the movement of CBPQT4+. Unfortunately, it proved difficult to determine the barrier, and so far, it has only been possible to quantify the barrier for the movement of CBPQT4+ on and off the neutral BPTTF unit. The investigations revealed that the BPTTF constitutes a significantly larger barrier compared to the MPTTF analogs. The knowledge gained throughout the thesis is essential for a rational design of future systems and has already resulted in the initiation of several exciting new projects.
AB - In the field of molecular machines, scientists are trying to mimic and even exceed the complicatedmachines of nature, with the construction of their artificial counterparts. In the field, a decisive wayof designing and synthesizing artificial molecular machines relies on the formation of the mechanicalbond, and hence the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules. The mechanical bond offersunprecedented control over motion and function, build on the foundation of supramolecularchemistry. This PhD thesis delves into the field of artificial molecular machines and utilizes the electron donating tetrathiafulvalenes (TTF, MPTTF, and BPTTF) and their complexation with the electron accepting macrocycle cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) to form redox-switchable architectures such as [2]rotaxanes. For a long time, a major goal has been to control molecular movement exclusively by electricity and to harness the resulting work, and much progress has been made so far. This thesis focuses on the relationship between structure and movement and is separated into chapters dealing with small structural modifications of simple [2]rotaxanes, the introduction of rigidity, and new building blocks for rigid systems. The aim and outcome of each chapter are summarized below.Chapter 2 describes the synthesis and investigations of four structurally similar [2]rotaxanes, to obtain a comprehensive insight into the movement of CBPQT4+ across the oxidized MPTTF2+, and the influence of structural modifications on the movement. Kinetic investigations based on 1H NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry yielded energy landscapes of both oxidized and neutral [2]rotaxanes, and the investigations proved how small modifications can be used to slow down or speed up the movement in question by modifying the energy landscapes. From the obtained results the design of a pumping cassette incorporating MPTTF is proposed. Chapter 3 describes the work toward surface-functionalized molecular machines. In the chapter a new class of non-symmetric BPTTF building blocks is synthesized and investigated. Furthermore, new protocols for the successful preparation of rigidified [2]rotaxanes are developed, including the introduction of hydrophilic stoppers, and the investigation of their influence on the movement of CBPQT4+ in rigid systems. The investigations showed that the hydrophilic stoppers stabilize the CBPQT4+ to a degree where the movement is heavily restricted. Lastly, prototypes of molecular machines for surface functionalization were synthesized and attempted to be functionalized on the surface of a gold electrode. Although many milestones towards obtaining surface-functionalized molecular machines incorporating TTF derivatives were reached, many challenges remain unresolved.Chapter 4 describes the incorporation of the new non-symmetric BPTTF building blocks in flexible [2]rotaxanes and [2]pseudorotaxanes, with the aim of quantifying their function as an electrostatic barrier for the movement of CBPQT4+. Unfortunately, it proved difficult to determine the barrier, and so far, it has only been possible to quantify the barrier for the movement of CBPQT4+ on and off the neutral BPTTF unit. The investigations revealed that the BPTTF constitutes a significantly larger barrier compared to the MPTTF analogs. The knowledge gained throughout the thesis is essential for a rational design of future systems and has already resulted in the initiation of several exciting new projects.
U2 - 10.21996/9f3t-ty36
DO - 10.21996/9f3t-ty36
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -