TY - GEN
T1 - Studying autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using a three-dimensional brain organoid model derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
T2 - Autism from skin to brain
AU - Kamand, Morad
PY - 2022/6/24
Y1 - 2022/6/24
N2 - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors or interests (WHO, 1992). Some forms are accompanied by intellectual disability, epilepsy, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which makes ASD a societal relevant syndrome. Several genes have been found to increase the susceptibility to ASD; still, most cases are idiopathic. It has been suggested that an unbalanced ratio between specific neuronal populations and altered proliferation and maturation/differentiation processes in early embryonic brain development is responsible for the later expression of autistic symptoms. However, to elucidate the pathological mechanisms of ASD, a relevant ASD model is essential. Fibroblasts can be used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can, in turn, be differentiated into a brain-like tissue model, mimicking normal/abnormal brain development at the very early stage in vitro. Using an ASD patient cohort from the region of Southern Denmark, we created a unique biobank with each ASD patient’s specific fibroblasts and iPSCs. We also examined molecular and cellular abnormalities in patient-derived fibroblasts and compared them with healthy controls. In the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), fibroblasts derived from ASD patients (n=5) displayed an increased proliferation rate, as well as a reduced level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared to healthy controls (n=5). This cellular pattern was not observed in starved fibroblasts, suggesting increased cellular activity and metabolism in ASD fibroblasts. We also conducted a representative experiment to investigate related phenotypes in more complex brain-like tissue models derived from iPSCs. Neuronal cultures derived from ASD patients (n=2) showed rapid development, characterized by increased cell density and darker appearance of the cell soma, suggesting increased neural maturation and connectivity in neuronal cultures derived from ASD patients. Brain organoids derived from ASD patients (n=4) exhibited a reduced ATP level on day 35 (DIV), increased differentiation of GABAergic neurons, and tend to be larger all compared to organoids derived from the control subjects (n=2). Our preliminary results showed a correlation between the cellular alterations observed in the fibroblasts and the relative neural phenotypes. However, the observations are based on exploratory study and thus the conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to a small sample size. Although, this study represents a proof of concept for using ASD patient-derived fibroblasts as a preliminary platform for generating complex brainlike tissue cellular models and exploring cellular alterations and functions associated with ASD.
AB - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprise a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors or interests (WHO, 1992). Some forms are accompanied by intellectual disability, epilepsy, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which makes ASD a societal relevant syndrome. Several genes have been found to increase the susceptibility to ASD; still, most cases are idiopathic. It has been suggested that an unbalanced ratio between specific neuronal populations and altered proliferation and maturation/differentiation processes in early embryonic brain development is responsible for the later expression of autistic symptoms. However, to elucidate the pathological mechanisms of ASD, a relevant ASD model is essential. Fibroblasts can be used to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can, in turn, be differentiated into a brain-like tissue model, mimicking normal/abnormal brain development at the very early stage in vitro. Using an ASD patient cohort from the region of Southern Denmark, we created a unique biobank with each ASD patient’s specific fibroblasts and iPSCs. We also examined molecular and cellular abnormalities in patient-derived fibroblasts and compared them with healthy controls. In the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), fibroblasts derived from ASD patients (n=5) displayed an increased proliferation rate, as well as a reduced level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared to healthy controls (n=5). This cellular pattern was not observed in starved fibroblasts, suggesting increased cellular activity and metabolism in ASD fibroblasts. We also conducted a representative experiment to investigate related phenotypes in more complex brain-like tissue models derived from iPSCs. Neuronal cultures derived from ASD patients (n=2) showed rapid development, characterized by increased cell density and darker appearance of the cell soma, suggesting increased neural maturation and connectivity in neuronal cultures derived from ASD patients. Brain organoids derived from ASD patients (n=4) exhibited a reduced ATP level on day 35 (DIV), increased differentiation of GABAergic neurons, and tend to be larger all compared to organoids derived from the control subjects (n=2). Our preliminary results showed a correlation between the cellular alterations observed in the fibroblasts and the relative neural phenotypes. However, the observations are based on exploratory study and thus the conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to a small sample size. Although, this study represents a proof of concept for using ASD patient-derived fibroblasts as a preliminary platform for generating complex brainlike tissue cellular models and exploring cellular alterations and functions associated with ASD.
U2 - 10.21996/9a48-y862
DO - 10.21996/9a48-y862
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -