TY - GEN
T1 - Stigma, Gender, and Violence
T2 - Rethinking the Stigmatization of Survivors of Wartime Abuses
AU - Rose, Sofie
PY - 2023/6/27
Y1 - 2023/6/27
N2 - Across conflict and post-conflict zones, survivors of wartime violence are often subjected to a destructive and persistent stigma within their families and communities. Yet the significance and implications of this stigma have rarely been explored in-depth, and the survivors’ perspectives have been missing in particular. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the lived experience of stigmatization of three groups of survivors of wartime abuses: Survivors of wartime sexual violence (men and women), children born of wartime rape (boys and girls), and former child soldiers (boys and girls). Evidence suggests that these groups are particularly vulnerable to experiencing stigmatization. Specifically, we lack a deeper understanding of how this stigma materializes for the survivors, why it occurs, and which logics underpin it. Moreover, no previous research has examined the stigmatization of these three groups of survivors within the same study and existing literature tends to focus on either men/boys or women/girls. Little is therefore known about how stigma and gender intersect across different groups of survivors, and with what implications.In response to these limitations, two interconnected links are identified and explored in three research articles, the link between stigma and gender and the link between stigma and violence. By bridging gender studies and feminist peace and security research with a new strand of stigma literature, the dissertation develops an original theoretical framework to untangle the complex relationship between stigma, gender, and violence. Using the survivors’ stories, testimonies, and statements as the primary empirical foundation, I explore how everyday experiences of stigmatization at the micro-level embodies as violence, and how this violence is connected to gendered power structures at the macro-level. The methodological approach is guided by a feminist engagement with the research problem which prompted an examination of how seemingly mundane practices of stigmatization are reproducing broader systems of patriarchal violence.These dynamics are explored in four illustrative case studies: The Central African Republic (CAR), Uganda, Bosnia & Herzegovina (BiH), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In article one I explore the stigmatization of sexual violence survivors in CAR, focusing in particular on advancing a new understanding of the implications of stigma by unpacking the survivors’ lived experiences and from where the stigma emanates. Article two investigates the stigmatization of children born of wartime rape in CAR, Uganda and BiH and focuses on examining how stigma materializes as everyday violence in the children’s lives. In article three, I explore the role of gender in the stigmatization of former child soldiers and compare the stigmatization of boy and girl soldiers in CAR and DRC, to understand which narratives motivate the stigma.While there are several variations in how stigma embodies and in what way gender informs the stigma across the different cases and groups of survivors, three overall observations emerged. First, the analyses showed that stigma materializes as different types of interrelated violence at an emotional, social, and structural level for the survivors. In particular, the study revealed how stigmatization manifests as slow violence and silent deprivations such as restrained access to health care, food, education, and social and emotional support. Second, the findings demonstrate that stigmatization is profoundly shaped by gendered understandings of appropriate identity and behavior. Specifically, I find that stigma functions as an instrument of power to discipline the survivors for violating established gender norms and gender hierarchies. This observation visualizes how stigma and gendered power structures are mutually constituting.Finally, these key findings suggest that stigmatization is a continuation of wartime violence, which flows between “wartime” and “peacetime,” hence challenging binary conceptions of peace and war. This violence prevents the survivors from reconciling within their communities and experiencing peace, thus exposing how stigma and intragroup reconciliation are important, yet largely overlooked aspects of peace and reconciliation processes. This dissertation offers a renewed understanding of how stigma against survivors of wartime abuses, sustains gendered inequalities and the experience of violence. Such knowledge enriches theoretical and practical understandings of how stigma must be addressed at a social and political level to tackle its root causes and thus improve support for survivors in the future, to create peace with justice.
AB - Across conflict and post-conflict zones, survivors of wartime violence are often subjected to a destructive and persistent stigma within their families and communities. Yet the significance and implications of this stigma have rarely been explored in-depth, and the survivors’ perspectives have been missing in particular. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the lived experience of stigmatization of three groups of survivors of wartime abuses: Survivors of wartime sexual violence (men and women), children born of wartime rape (boys and girls), and former child soldiers (boys and girls). Evidence suggests that these groups are particularly vulnerable to experiencing stigmatization. Specifically, we lack a deeper understanding of how this stigma materializes for the survivors, why it occurs, and which logics underpin it. Moreover, no previous research has examined the stigmatization of these three groups of survivors within the same study and existing literature tends to focus on either men/boys or women/girls. Little is therefore known about how stigma and gender intersect across different groups of survivors, and with what implications.In response to these limitations, two interconnected links are identified and explored in three research articles, the link between stigma and gender and the link between stigma and violence. By bridging gender studies and feminist peace and security research with a new strand of stigma literature, the dissertation develops an original theoretical framework to untangle the complex relationship between stigma, gender, and violence. Using the survivors’ stories, testimonies, and statements as the primary empirical foundation, I explore how everyday experiences of stigmatization at the micro-level embodies as violence, and how this violence is connected to gendered power structures at the macro-level. The methodological approach is guided by a feminist engagement with the research problem which prompted an examination of how seemingly mundane practices of stigmatization are reproducing broader systems of patriarchal violence.These dynamics are explored in four illustrative case studies: The Central African Republic (CAR), Uganda, Bosnia & Herzegovina (BiH), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In article one I explore the stigmatization of sexual violence survivors in CAR, focusing in particular on advancing a new understanding of the implications of stigma by unpacking the survivors’ lived experiences and from where the stigma emanates. Article two investigates the stigmatization of children born of wartime rape in CAR, Uganda and BiH and focuses on examining how stigma materializes as everyday violence in the children’s lives. In article three, I explore the role of gender in the stigmatization of former child soldiers and compare the stigmatization of boy and girl soldiers in CAR and DRC, to understand which narratives motivate the stigma.While there are several variations in how stigma embodies and in what way gender informs the stigma across the different cases and groups of survivors, three overall observations emerged. First, the analyses showed that stigma materializes as different types of interrelated violence at an emotional, social, and structural level for the survivors. In particular, the study revealed how stigmatization manifests as slow violence and silent deprivations such as restrained access to health care, food, education, and social and emotional support. Second, the findings demonstrate that stigmatization is profoundly shaped by gendered understandings of appropriate identity and behavior. Specifically, I find that stigma functions as an instrument of power to discipline the survivors for violating established gender norms and gender hierarchies. This observation visualizes how stigma and gendered power structures are mutually constituting.Finally, these key findings suggest that stigmatization is a continuation of wartime violence, which flows between “wartime” and “peacetime,” hence challenging binary conceptions of peace and war. This violence prevents the survivors from reconciling within their communities and experiencing peace, thus exposing how stigma and intragroup reconciliation are important, yet largely overlooked aspects of peace and reconciliation processes. This dissertation offers a renewed understanding of how stigma against survivors of wartime abuses, sustains gendered inequalities and the experience of violence. Such knowledge enriches theoretical and practical understandings of how stigma must be addressed at a social and political level to tackle its root causes and thus improve support for survivors in the future, to create peace with justice.
KW - Stigmatization
KW - Gender
KW - Wartime Violence
KW - Feminist Peace Research
KW - Power
KW - Continuums of Violence
KW - Peace
KW - Reconciliation
KW - Social Inequalities
KW - Gendered Power Structures
KW - Child Soldiers
KW - Children Born of War
KW - Survivors of Sexual Violence
KW - Legacies of War
U2 - 10.21996/cn38-p135
DO - 10.21996/cn38-p135
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Samfundsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -