TY - GEN
T1 - Shared decision-making in spine surgery
T2 - Development, evaluation and effectiveness of a decision aid for patients with lumbar disc herniation considering surgery
AU - Brogård Andersen, Stina Lykke
N1 - This PhD project received funding from “TrygFonden” and The PhD-fond of Region of Southern Denmark.
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common causes of nerve root pain or radiculopathy. Thismay also produce sciatica, low back pain, numbness, and motor deficits. Most patients improve over timewith non-operative care. However, in some cases, patients with severe symptoms without improvement onnon-operative care are offered a surgical procedure called a discectomy. There is, however, no exactindications for surgery, no clear evidence for the optimal timing of surgery; and the evidence that surgery issuperior to observation in the long-term is lacking. Involving the patients in the decision of whether to havesurgery is therefore essential. Though Danish patients in general wish to be involved in treatment decisions,they do not always feel involved.Shared decision-making (SDM) is a systematic approach for involvement of patients in healthcare decisionswhere clinical evidence of treatment options and patients’ informed preferences are important elements.Several studies have shown beneficial effects of SDM. Patient Decision Aids (PtDAs) and Risk Profile toolscan support SDM in clinical practice. No such tools were identified for use in the Danish setting for LDHpatients and their providers, and only very few studies on the effect of using SDM in Spine surgery.Additionally, knowledge of factors affecting patients’ decision on whether to have surgery for LDH is sparse.This dissertation aims to bridge this knowledge gap by exploring the patient’s perspective on whether tohave surgery for symptomatic LDH and by developing a PtDA, where individualized outcomes of surgery arepresented in a Risk Profile Tool, and subsequently test its clinical impact.All sub studies in this thesis were performed at a tertiary care spine center, Spine Center of SouthernDenmark – a part of a regional hospital in Denmark.The overall aim of this thesis was to explore if SDM supported by a PtDA and a Risk Profile Tool, is feasibleand worth implementing in the clinic when the patient decides on whether to have surgery forsymptomatic LDH or not. Paper I explores, from a patient perspective, what affects patients’ decisions on whether to have surgeryfor symptomatic LDH and if this can be related to the core elements of SDM. A qualitative study design wasapplied where patient interviews were conducted. A hermeneutic-phenomenological approach was chosen,to achieve a deeper understanding through the patient’s life world stories of how the decision process wasexperienced by the patients. The interviews were semi-structured using an interview guide. Fourteenpatients were interviewed immediately after a consultation at the Spine Center, nine patients were reinterviewed one month later. To identify relevant factors that influenced the decision-making process andto determine if SDM could be a feasible and meaningful method for involving patients with LDH in thedecision-making process, data were discussed and interpreted in relation to a theoretical understanding ofSDM, described by Elwyn et al.Analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed four main themes that appeared in the meaningcondensation process. Themes were based on items that recurred in several interviews and seemed toaffect the patients’ decision-making regarding surgery. The four themes were:- Patient information: patients’ conceptions about treatment and risk were not always based onadequate information- Accelerated workflows: some patients needed time to process the information given, which may belimited due to accelerated hospital workflows- Power imbalance: patients can be reluctant to challenge the system, as they do not want to offend,which can be seen as a power imbalance between clinicians and patients- Personal past experience: experience about treatment options from close relatives, can have agreat impact on the patients’ thoughts about the risk and benefit of possible treatmentsThis study identified complex surrounding factors which could affect the decision-making process. Thisincludes the organisational structure and the need for an increased awareness of power imbalancebetween patients and clinicians. Both these factors could indirectly affect a patient’s choice of treatment.Paper II concerns two objectives 1) to evaluate the degree SDM is used in a spine surgery clinic whenpatients are choosing between surgical and non-surgical treatment for LDH and 2) to develop and test aPtDA to support SDM in the clinical encounter between surgeon and patient.A small survey was designed to collect baseline data on SDM practice. Forty patients completed Danishversions of CollaboRATETM, Decision Quality Worksheet – for herniated disc v.2 and the Decisional ConflictScale immediately after a consultation with a surgeon. One month after, a follow-up questionnaire,Decision Regret Scale was completed. All included patients had clinical symptoms and concordant MRIfindings of a LDH from L1 to S1, consulted a surgeon and was assessed as having an indication for primarynon-urgent discectomy.Sixty-nine percent of respondents answered two or less of the five knowledge questions correctly. Sixtyfour percent had a DQW-HD process score lower than 100, indicating that they were not fully engaged inthe decision-making process. About 8% of the patients had DCS scores above 37.5, which are associatedwith decision delay or being unsure about the decision. A mean DRS score of 8.25 was found (0 = No regret,100 = High regret). Sixty percent of patients reported no regret at all. Fourteen percent had a score of 40 orabove. This baseline study showed, that SDM was not fully implemented in the Spine surgery clinic.In the development of a PtDA, a template called a “Decision helper” was adapted to the decision onwhether to have surgery for symptomatic LDH. Three steps were followed: 1) Adaption of the PtDA, 2)Alpha-test: usability, acceptability and preparation for decision-making of the PtDA - systematic testingamong potential users and 3) Pilot test in the clinic.Adaption of the template involved interviews with spine specialists, semi-structured patient interviews,systematic literature search and analysis of data on severe peri- and postoperative complications. A Danishinterview guide, inspired by an earlier work of Stacey et al, was used in the Alpha test, consisting ofquestions on usability, acceptability and questions from “The preparation for decision-making scale”. Twopilot tests were performed in the clinic. First an experienced spine surgeon who had used the PtDA inseveral consultations, supervised by a researcher, evaluated and made suggestions for changes to thePtDA. Afterwards five other surgeons who were introduced to the PtDA and practiced their skills in bothsimulated and real consultations, joined a short group discussion to identify any final changes. The threesteps all contributed to development of a final version of a “Decision helper” adapted to support SDM inthe clinical encounter where patients with LDH chose between surgery or no-surgery treatment.Paper III: has the main objective to determine if the use of a Patient Decision Aid, where individualized riskand benefits of surgery are presented in a Patient-reported Outcome (PRO) based Risk Profile Tool,increase the patient reported quality of the decision-making process in patients with lumbar disc herniationconsidering surgery (primary outcome of the RCT). Secondary objectives were to determine if use of thePtDA decreases decisional conflict, to study if the patients in general find the tools helpful in the decisionmaking process and to determine whether SDM practice with the use of a PtDA influence surgical rates ordecisional regret when compared to standard practice. This study is reported according to CONSORTguidelines. A non-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed. One Hundred thirty patients wererandomized to either a control group (N=63), where surgeons gave regular information and discussedfindings on MRIs or an intervention group (N=67), where surgeons used a PtDA and a systematic approachfor SDM, supported by a Risk-profile tool. Results from the Decision Quality Worksheet for Herniated Disc (DQW-HD) knowledge dimension showed asignificantly higher level of knowledge in the intervention group compared to the control group. Nosignificant differences were found in any other outcomes: DQW-HD process score, Decisional Conflict Scaleor Decision Regret Scale (DRS). DRS were collected one month and one year after the decisions. A positiveassociation was found between degree of use of the PtDA and how helpful the patients evaluated it to be.The results of this study showed a positive effect of using the PtDA on the level of knowledge score.Additionally, it showed that the use of the “Decision Helper” in the consultation can be helpful to patientsin the decision-making process when considering surgery for LDH.
AB - Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common causes of nerve root pain or radiculopathy. Thismay also produce sciatica, low back pain, numbness, and motor deficits. Most patients improve over timewith non-operative care. However, in some cases, patients with severe symptoms without improvement onnon-operative care are offered a surgical procedure called a discectomy. There is, however, no exactindications for surgery, no clear evidence for the optimal timing of surgery; and the evidence that surgery issuperior to observation in the long-term is lacking. Involving the patients in the decision of whether to havesurgery is therefore essential. Though Danish patients in general wish to be involved in treatment decisions,they do not always feel involved.Shared decision-making (SDM) is a systematic approach for involvement of patients in healthcare decisionswhere clinical evidence of treatment options and patients’ informed preferences are important elements.Several studies have shown beneficial effects of SDM. Patient Decision Aids (PtDAs) and Risk Profile toolscan support SDM in clinical practice. No such tools were identified for use in the Danish setting for LDHpatients and their providers, and only very few studies on the effect of using SDM in Spine surgery.Additionally, knowledge of factors affecting patients’ decision on whether to have surgery for LDH is sparse.This dissertation aims to bridge this knowledge gap by exploring the patient’s perspective on whether tohave surgery for symptomatic LDH and by developing a PtDA, where individualized outcomes of surgery arepresented in a Risk Profile Tool, and subsequently test its clinical impact.All sub studies in this thesis were performed at a tertiary care spine center, Spine Center of SouthernDenmark – a part of a regional hospital in Denmark.The overall aim of this thesis was to explore if SDM supported by a PtDA and a Risk Profile Tool, is feasibleand worth implementing in the clinic when the patient decides on whether to have surgery forsymptomatic LDH or not. Paper I explores, from a patient perspective, what affects patients’ decisions on whether to have surgeryfor symptomatic LDH and if this can be related to the core elements of SDM. A qualitative study design wasapplied where patient interviews were conducted. A hermeneutic-phenomenological approach was chosen,to achieve a deeper understanding through the patient’s life world stories of how the decision process wasexperienced by the patients. The interviews were semi-structured using an interview guide. Fourteenpatients were interviewed immediately after a consultation at the Spine Center, nine patients were reinterviewed one month later. To identify relevant factors that influenced the decision-making process andto determine if SDM could be a feasible and meaningful method for involving patients with LDH in thedecision-making process, data were discussed and interpreted in relation to a theoretical understanding ofSDM, described by Elwyn et al.Analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed four main themes that appeared in the meaningcondensation process. Themes were based on items that recurred in several interviews and seemed toaffect the patients’ decision-making regarding surgery. The four themes were:- Patient information: patients’ conceptions about treatment and risk were not always based onadequate information- Accelerated workflows: some patients needed time to process the information given, which may belimited due to accelerated hospital workflows- Power imbalance: patients can be reluctant to challenge the system, as they do not want to offend,which can be seen as a power imbalance between clinicians and patients- Personal past experience: experience about treatment options from close relatives, can have agreat impact on the patients’ thoughts about the risk and benefit of possible treatmentsThis study identified complex surrounding factors which could affect the decision-making process. Thisincludes the organisational structure and the need for an increased awareness of power imbalancebetween patients and clinicians. Both these factors could indirectly affect a patient’s choice of treatment.Paper II concerns two objectives 1) to evaluate the degree SDM is used in a spine surgery clinic whenpatients are choosing between surgical and non-surgical treatment for LDH and 2) to develop and test aPtDA to support SDM in the clinical encounter between surgeon and patient.A small survey was designed to collect baseline data on SDM practice. Forty patients completed Danishversions of CollaboRATETM, Decision Quality Worksheet – for herniated disc v.2 and the Decisional ConflictScale immediately after a consultation with a surgeon. One month after, a follow-up questionnaire,Decision Regret Scale was completed. All included patients had clinical symptoms and concordant MRIfindings of a LDH from L1 to S1, consulted a surgeon and was assessed as having an indication for primarynon-urgent discectomy.Sixty-nine percent of respondents answered two or less of the five knowledge questions correctly. Sixtyfour percent had a DQW-HD process score lower than 100, indicating that they were not fully engaged inthe decision-making process. About 8% of the patients had DCS scores above 37.5, which are associatedwith decision delay or being unsure about the decision. A mean DRS score of 8.25 was found (0 = No regret,100 = High regret). Sixty percent of patients reported no regret at all. Fourteen percent had a score of 40 orabove. This baseline study showed, that SDM was not fully implemented in the Spine surgery clinic.In the development of a PtDA, a template called a “Decision helper” was adapted to the decision onwhether to have surgery for symptomatic LDH. Three steps were followed: 1) Adaption of the PtDA, 2)Alpha-test: usability, acceptability and preparation for decision-making of the PtDA - systematic testingamong potential users and 3) Pilot test in the clinic.Adaption of the template involved interviews with spine specialists, semi-structured patient interviews,systematic literature search and analysis of data on severe peri- and postoperative complications. A Danishinterview guide, inspired by an earlier work of Stacey et al, was used in the Alpha test, consisting ofquestions on usability, acceptability and questions from “The preparation for decision-making scale”. Twopilot tests were performed in the clinic. First an experienced spine surgeon who had used the PtDA inseveral consultations, supervised by a researcher, evaluated and made suggestions for changes to thePtDA. Afterwards five other surgeons who were introduced to the PtDA and practiced their skills in bothsimulated and real consultations, joined a short group discussion to identify any final changes. The threesteps all contributed to development of a final version of a “Decision helper” adapted to support SDM inthe clinical encounter where patients with LDH chose between surgery or no-surgery treatment.Paper III: has the main objective to determine if the use of a Patient Decision Aid, where individualized riskand benefits of surgery are presented in a Patient-reported Outcome (PRO) based Risk Profile Tool,increase the patient reported quality of the decision-making process in patients with lumbar disc herniationconsidering surgery (primary outcome of the RCT). Secondary objectives were to determine if use of thePtDA decreases decisional conflict, to study if the patients in general find the tools helpful in the decisionmaking process and to determine whether SDM practice with the use of a PtDA influence surgical rates ordecisional regret when compared to standard practice. This study is reported according to CONSORTguidelines. A non-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed. One Hundred thirty patients wererandomized to either a control group (N=63), where surgeons gave regular information and discussedfindings on MRIs or an intervention group (N=67), where surgeons used a PtDA and a systematic approachfor SDM, supported by a Risk-profile tool. Results from the Decision Quality Worksheet for Herniated Disc (DQW-HD) knowledge dimension showed asignificantly higher level of knowledge in the intervention group compared to the control group. Nosignificant differences were found in any other outcomes: DQW-HD process score, Decisional Conflict Scaleor Decision Regret Scale (DRS). DRS were collected one month and one year after the decisions. A positiveassociation was found between degree of use of the PtDA and how helpful the patients evaluated it to be.The results of this study showed a positive effect of using the PtDA on the level of knowledge score.Additionally, it showed that the use of the “Decision Helper” in the consultation can be helpful to patientsin the decision-making process when considering surgery for LDH.
U2 - 10.21996/x26v-2k11
DO - 10.21996/x26v-2k11
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -