TY - GEN
T1 - Robotic-Assisted Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair A Study of Surgical Stress, Patient Outcomes, and Surgeon Ergonomics
AU - Valorenzos, Alexandros Valsamidis
PY - 2025/5/23
Y1 - 2025/5/23
N2 - Inguinal hernia is a common condition that affects millions worldwide, making its surgical management a crucial area of focus. As in many other surgical fields, the use of robotic-assisted surgery in inguinal hernia repair is steadily increasing. This trend is primarily driven by the theoretical technical advantages of robotic-assisted surgery over conventional laparoscopic techniques, including enhanced visualization, greater precision, gentler tissue manipulation, and improved ergonomics for surgeons. These features are expected to enhance the benefits of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair over traditional open repairs, with anticipated improvements in repair quality, reduced complication rates, and better patient outcomes. However, the evidence supporting these claims remains insufficient to justify the widespread adoption of robotic-assisted inguinal hernia repair.This thesis addresses some of these issues and aims to close gaps in the literature by exploring the following research questions:1. Does robotic-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair(R-TAPP) elicit a lower surgical stress response than conventional laparoscopic TAPP (C-TAPP), and can this translate into improved short-term patient outcomes?2. Does R-TAPP lead to better long-term patient outcomes, particularly in reducing recurrence rates?3. Is R-TAPP genuinely more ergonomic for surgeons?These questions are investigated through three distinct studies, summarized below: Study I: Surgical Stress Response and Short-Term Outcomes A single-center, randomized controlled trial enrolled 150 patients, who were randomized 1:1 to either R-TAPP or C-TAPP. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) andinterleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included operative time, complications, length of stay, and readmission rates. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the primary outcome, while descriptive statistics and logistic regression were employed to analyze the secondary outcomes.The results demonstrated that R-TAPP significantly reduced the surgical stress response, as evidenced by lower postoperative levels of CRP and IL-6. Additionally, patients undergoing R-TAPP had shorter operative times, fewer complications, higher rates of same-day discharge, and fewer readmissions.Study II: Long-Term Outcomes A retrospective cohort study included 395 patients who underwent either C-TAPPor R-TAPP at a single center. Data on patient demographics, hernia characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were retrieved from medical records. Cumulative incidence curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess hernia recurrence, while logistic regression analyzed secondary outcomes such as inpatient status, hematoma formation, and chronic pain. The study found that R-TAPP was associated with a significantly lower risk of hernia recurrence compared to C-TAPP. However, secondary outcomes, including chronic pain, showed no significant differences between the groups.Study III: Ergonomic Analysis of R-TAPP versus C-TAPPA prospective observational study examined the ergonomic impact of R-TAPP versus C-TAPP on surgeons through a crossover trial involving four experienced hernia surgeons. Each surgeon performed two procedures of each technique, and their ergonomic strain was evaluated through subjective self-reported perceived exertion (using the Borg scale) and objective measures, including muscle activity using surface electromyography data and posture analysis using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) scores derived from kinematic data. Kinematic data were collected via Inertial Measurement Units containing 3D accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. Statistical comparisons were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests with adjustments for multiple comparisons. The study found that, although surgeons subjectively reported R-TAPP as less physically demanding, objective metrics revealed comparable ergonomic strain between the two techniques. DiscussionThe findings of this thesis suggest that R-TAPP minimizes tissue trauma, offering distinct short-term benefits, and demonstrates its potential to enhance the durability of surgical repairs, particularly by reducing recurrence rates. However, it does not provide evidence of ergonomic superiority for R-TAPP. The results also highlight a disparity between surgeons’ subjective perceptions of physical strain and objective ergonomic measures, underscoring the complexity of accurately assessing ergonomic benefits.The thesis critically evaluates the methodologies employed in each study, applying accepted risk-of-bias assessment tools (e.g., RoB-2, ROBINS-I) and comparing the findings to existing literature. It further discusses the interpretation and generalizability of its findings in light of its limitations and the conflicting evidence in the broader field. Finally, it outlines the next steps for future research to address remaining gaps and advance the understanding of the role of robotic platforms in moderninguinal hernia repair.
AB - Inguinal hernia is a common condition that affects millions worldwide, making its surgical management a crucial area of focus. As in many other surgical fields, the use of robotic-assisted surgery in inguinal hernia repair is steadily increasing. This trend is primarily driven by the theoretical technical advantages of robotic-assisted surgery over conventional laparoscopic techniques, including enhanced visualization, greater precision, gentler tissue manipulation, and improved ergonomics for surgeons. These features are expected to enhance the benefits of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair over traditional open repairs, with anticipated improvements in repair quality, reduced complication rates, and better patient outcomes. However, the evidence supporting these claims remains insufficient to justify the widespread adoption of robotic-assisted inguinal hernia repair.This thesis addresses some of these issues and aims to close gaps in the literature by exploring the following research questions:1. Does robotic-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair(R-TAPP) elicit a lower surgical stress response than conventional laparoscopic TAPP (C-TAPP), and can this translate into improved short-term patient outcomes?2. Does R-TAPP lead to better long-term patient outcomes, particularly in reducing recurrence rates?3. Is R-TAPP genuinely more ergonomic for surgeons?These questions are investigated through three distinct studies, summarized below: Study I: Surgical Stress Response and Short-Term Outcomes A single-center, randomized controlled trial enrolled 150 patients, who were randomized 1:1 to either R-TAPP or C-TAPP. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) andinterleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included operative time, complications, length of stay, and readmission rates. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the primary outcome, while descriptive statistics and logistic regression were employed to analyze the secondary outcomes.The results demonstrated that R-TAPP significantly reduced the surgical stress response, as evidenced by lower postoperative levels of CRP and IL-6. Additionally, patients undergoing R-TAPP had shorter operative times, fewer complications, higher rates of same-day discharge, and fewer readmissions.Study II: Long-Term Outcomes A retrospective cohort study included 395 patients who underwent either C-TAPPor R-TAPP at a single center. Data on patient demographics, hernia characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were retrieved from medical records. Cumulative incidence curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess hernia recurrence, while logistic regression analyzed secondary outcomes such as inpatient status, hematoma formation, and chronic pain. The study found that R-TAPP was associated with a significantly lower risk of hernia recurrence compared to C-TAPP. However, secondary outcomes, including chronic pain, showed no significant differences between the groups.Study III: Ergonomic Analysis of R-TAPP versus C-TAPPA prospective observational study examined the ergonomic impact of R-TAPP versus C-TAPP on surgeons through a crossover trial involving four experienced hernia surgeons. Each surgeon performed two procedures of each technique, and their ergonomic strain was evaluated through subjective self-reported perceived exertion (using the Borg scale) and objective measures, including muscle activity using surface electromyography data and posture analysis using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) scores derived from kinematic data. Kinematic data were collected via Inertial Measurement Units containing 3D accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers. Statistical comparisons were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests with adjustments for multiple comparisons. The study found that, although surgeons subjectively reported R-TAPP as less physically demanding, objective metrics revealed comparable ergonomic strain between the two techniques. DiscussionThe findings of this thesis suggest that R-TAPP minimizes tissue trauma, offering distinct short-term benefits, and demonstrates its potential to enhance the durability of surgical repairs, particularly by reducing recurrence rates. However, it does not provide evidence of ergonomic superiority for R-TAPP. The results also highlight a disparity between surgeons’ subjective perceptions of physical strain and objective ergonomic measures, underscoring the complexity of accurately assessing ergonomic benefits.The thesis critically evaluates the methodologies employed in each study, applying accepted risk-of-bias assessment tools (e.g., RoB-2, ROBINS-I) and comparing the findings to existing literature. It further discusses the interpretation and generalizability of its findings in light of its limitations and the conflicting evidence in the broader field. Finally, it outlines the next steps for future research to address remaining gaps and advance the understanding of the role of robotic platforms in moderninguinal hernia repair.
U2 - 10.21996/6f07d3c0-a4d3-4fa4-8279-a7e3dec65837
DO - 10.21996/6f07d3c0-a4d3-4fa4-8279-a7e3dec65837
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -