TY - GEN
T1 - Revealing Acute Kidney Injury: A Comprehensive Exploration in Cardiac Patients
AU - Rasmussen, Sebastian Buhl
PY - 2024/6/24
Y1 - 2024/6/24
N2 - Cardiac patients represent a population with increased kidney vulnerability, including a high risk of
developing acute kidney injury (AKI). This complication is common both in the setting of cardiac
surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass and among patients experiencing severe circulatory failure, including those with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Despite AKI posing an elevated risk
of progressive kidney function decline and mortality, there is currently a lack of evidence regarding
protective treatment strategies in clinical practice.The PhD project aimed to obtain a more in-depth understanding of some of the pathophysiological
mechanisms causing AKI in cardiac patients. The main findings were: Study I) In a retrospective
observational study of cardiac surgery patients, elevated preoperative levels of soluble urokinasetype plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were significantly associated with a higher risk of postoperative AKI. A doubling of suPAR levels corresponded to an adjusted odds ratio of 1.62 (95% CI
1.26–2.09, P<0.001). Study II) In a porcine ex vivo kidney perfusion model, kidneys allocated to
infusion with recombinant suPAR exhibited a significant decrease in blood flow (P=0.003), while exposed to similar perfusion pressures as controls (P=0.13). No statistically significant differences were
observed between groups in terms of plasma albumin and creatinine, histopathology, or kidney injury- and inflammatory biomarkers. Study III) In a retrospective observational study of cardiac surgery
patients, we found that an intraoperative increased duration of oxygen delivery (DO2) below 272
mL·min-1·m-2 was associated with an increased risk of AKI. Adjusted logistic regression revealed that
only a duration of low DO2 of at least 30 minutes was associated with an increased risk of AKI (OR
1.50, 95% CI 1.07–2.10, P=0.018). Study IV) In a randomised clinical trial of resuscitated OHCA
patients, we found that patients assigned to a low blood pressure and liberal oxygen target had a
higher risk of developing AKI (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.21–2.89, P=0.03) compared to those with high
blood pressure and liberal oxygen targets. Multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that the
increased risk was primarily associated to mild stage AKI.In conclusion, our study findings underscore the significance of preoperative suPAR levels as a prognostic biomarker for AKI development following cardiac surgery. Our experimental animal model suggests a potential mechanism whereby suPAR induces intrarenal vascular resistance, contributing to
AKI pathogenesis. Furthermore, our observations emphasise the critical role of maintaining adequate
oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass to mitigate AKI risk in cardiac surgery patients. Notably, our study reveals a novel association between low blood pressure and liberal oxygen targets
and increased AKI risk in resuscitated OHCA patients, highlighting the complexity of AKI pathophysiology in different clinical contexts. These findings emphasise the need for tailored preventive strategies aimed at mitigating AKI risk in cardiac patients with increased kidney vulnerability.
AB - Cardiac patients represent a population with increased kidney vulnerability, including a high risk of
developing acute kidney injury (AKI). This complication is common both in the setting of cardiac
surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass and among patients experiencing severe circulatory failure, including those with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Despite AKI posing an elevated risk
of progressive kidney function decline and mortality, there is currently a lack of evidence regarding
protective treatment strategies in clinical practice.The PhD project aimed to obtain a more in-depth understanding of some of the pathophysiological
mechanisms causing AKI in cardiac patients. The main findings were: Study I) In a retrospective
observational study of cardiac surgery patients, elevated preoperative levels of soluble urokinasetype plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were significantly associated with a higher risk of postoperative AKI. A doubling of suPAR levels corresponded to an adjusted odds ratio of 1.62 (95% CI
1.26–2.09, P<0.001). Study II) In a porcine ex vivo kidney perfusion model, kidneys allocated to
infusion with recombinant suPAR exhibited a significant decrease in blood flow (P=0.003), while exposed to similar perfusion pressures as controls (P=0.13). No statistically significant differences were
observed between groups in terms of plasma albumin and creatinine, histopathology, or kidney injury- and inflammatory biomarkers. Study III) In a retrospective observational study of cardiac surgery
patients, we found that an intraoperative increased duration of oxygen delivery (DO2) below 272
mL·min-1·m-2 was associated with an increased risk of AKI. Adjusted logistic regression revealed that
only a duration of low DO2 of at least 30 minutes was associated with an increased risk of AKI (OR
1.50, 95% CI 1.07–2.10, P=0.018). Study IV) In a randomised clinical trial of resuscitated OHCA
patients, we found that patients assigned to a low blood pressure and liberal oxygen target had a
higher risk of developing AKI (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.21–2.89, P=0.03) compared to those with high
blood pressure and liberal oxygen targets. Multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that the
increased risk was primarily associated to mild stage AKI.In conclusion, our study findings underscore the significance of preoperative suPAR levels as a prognostic biomarker for AKI development following cardiac surgery. Our experimental animal model suggests a potential mechanism whereby suPAR induces intrarenal vascular resistance, contributing to
AKI pathogenesis. Furthermore, our observations emphasise the critical role of maintaining adequate
oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass to mitigate AKI risk in cardiac surgery patients. Notably, our study reveals a novel association between low blood pressure and liberal oxygen targets
and increased AKI risk in resuscitated OHCA patients, highlighting the complexity of AKI pathophysiology in different clinical contexts. These findings emphasise the need for tailored preventive strategies aimed at mitigating AKI risk in cardiac patients with increased kidney vulnerability.
KW - Akut nyreskade
KW - Hjertekirurgi
KW - Hjerte-lunge-maskine
KW - Hjertestop
KW - Dyremodel
KW - Ex vivo
KW - Acute kidney injury
KW - Cardiac surgery
KW - Cardiopulmonary bypass
KW - Cardiac arrest
KW - Animal model
KW - Ex vivo
U2 - 10.21996/sp17-7622
DO - 10.21996/sp17-7622
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -