TY - GEN
T1 - Regulatory problems in infancy and trajectories of mental health in preschool age
T2 - A birth cohort study
AU - Asmussen, Jette
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Background
After birth infants must adjust to life outside the womb and their first months are characterised by
regulation of physiological states, sleep-awakeness, hunger-satiety and the emotional balance, and the
child depends on the external structure and care of the parents. The infant’s early regulation is the
foundation for more complex regulation of emotions and behaviour as the child’s brain matures.
Population based studies find problems with regulation of one or more of: crying, feeding/eating and
sleeping in up to one fifth of infants. These issues are of great concern to the parents, they affect the family
life and the parents’ perception of parenthood, and they are a frequent cause of contact to the health care
system. For most infants the capability to regulate matures in the first four to six months, but for a minor
group the regulatory problems continue, and can be associated with mental health problems later in
childhood. In this thesis, we have investigated infants’ regulation through the first year and the association
to mental health problems in preschool age in three separate studies, with special focus on children with
more than one regulatory problem, combined regulatory problems, by:1) Review the existing literature on combined regulatory problems in general population and the
association to mental health problems in preschool age.
2) Study the association between crying, feeding/eating and sleeping problems in the first year of life
and mental health problems at 2½-year-old children in a community cohort.
3) Study trajectories of mental health problems from 2½ to 5 years with focus on emotional and
behavioural dysregulation. Additionally examine factors of child and family, which influence the
association. Materials and MethodsStudy 1 was a systematic literature review, conducted in accordance to the PRISMA guideline.
Study 2 and 3 both used data collected in Odense Child Cohort, OCC, a birth cohort including pregnant
women living in Odense Municipality from January 2010 to December 2012. The children and families were
followed with regular mail-surveys, including questions on post-natal depression. Mothers completed the
CBCL/1½-5 at child ages 2½ and 5 years. We also included data collected by Community health Nurses in
Odense Municipality regarding crying, feeding/eating and sleeping and data on parents’ psychiatric
disorders form The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register.Study 2 included 1780 children with data from both municipality child healthcare and CBCL/1½-5
completed at 2½ years. Longitudinal associations between regulatory problems and CBCL/1½-5 score were
assessed by linear regression regarding internalising- and externalising-subscales, dysregulation profile and
the total problem score.Study 3 included 1099 children with completed CBCL/1½-5 at both 2½ and 5 years. Four developmental
trajectory-groups were defined, based on the children’s’ scores on the dysregulation profile. Associations
between co-variates and the four trajectory-groups were assessed by multiple multinomial regression.
ResultsStudy 1, the systematic literature review found the published research in the area very sparse, but
unanimously pointing to a longitudinal association between combined regulatory problems and mental
health problems in preschool- and early school-ages. This was previously found in older children, in
unselected- as well as risk-cohorts with perinatal-, developmental- and/or psychosocial risks. Study 2 found infants with combined regulatory problems of sleeping and feeding/eating from 2 to 12
months at increased risk for general mental health problems at 2½ years, especially regarding emotional
difficulties.
Study 3 found persistent high scores on CBCL/1½-5 dysregulation profile, representing problems with
regulation of emotions, behaviour and attention, from 2½ to 5 years associated with mothers’ symptoms of
depression at 3 months, a short education and smoking during pregnancy.ConclusionOur finding of increased risk of mental health problems in children with combined regulatory problems
before the age of one year is in line with the conclusion from the systematic review. Especially we found
combined problems with feeding/eating and sleeping strongly associated to emotional difficulties at 2½
years. 17% of children in Odense Child Cohort had persistent high score on the dysregulation profile from
2½ to 5 years, indicating problems with regulation of emotions, behaviour and attention. Especially we
found children of mothers with short education or symptoms of postnatal depression more prone to
problems in preschool age. The studies warrant special attention to this group of children with regards to
prophylaxis of persisting difficulties through childhood.
AB - Background
After birth infants must adjust to life outside the womb and their first months are characterised by
regulation of physiological states, sleep-awakeness, hunger-satiety and the emotional balance, and the
child depends on the external structure and care of the parents. The infant’s early regulation is the
foundation for more complex regulation of emotions and behaviour as the child’s brain matures.
Population based studies find problems with regulation of one or more of: crying, feeding/eating and
sleeping in up to one fifth of infants. These issues are of great concern to the parents, they affect the family
life and the parents’ perception of parenthood, and they are a frequent cause of contact to the health care
system. For most infants the capability to regulate matures in the first four to six months, but for a minor
group the regulatory problems continue, and can be associated with mental health problems later in
childhood. In this thesis, we have investigated infants’ regulation through the first year and the association
to mental health problems in preschool age in three separate studies, with special focus on children with
more than one regulatory problem, combined regulatory problems, by:1) Review the existing literature on combined regulatory problems in general population and the
association to mental health problems in preschool age.
2) Study the association between crying, feeding/eating and sleeping problems in the first year of life
and mental health problems at 2½-year-old children in a community cohort.
3) Study trajectories of mental health problems from 2½ to 5 years with focus on emotional and
behavioural dysregulation. Additionally examine factors of child and family, which influence the
association. Materials and MethodsStudy 1 was a systematic literature review, conducted in accordance to the PRISMA guideline.
Study 2 and 3 both used data collected in Odense Child Cohort, OCC, a birth cohort including pregnant
women living in Odense Municipality from January 2010 to December 2012. The children and families were
followed with regular mail-surveys, including questions on post-natal depression. Mothers completed the
CBCL/1½-5 at child ages 2½ and 5 years. We also included data collected by Community health Nurses in
Odense Municipality regarding crying, feeding/eating and sleeping and data on parents’ psychiatric
disorders form The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register.Study 2 included 1780 children with data from both municipality child healthcare and CBCL/1½-5
completed at 2½ years. Longitudinal associations between regulatory problems and CBCL/1½-5 score were
assessed by linear regression regarding internalising- and externalising-subscales, dysregulation profile and
the total problem score.Study 3 included 1099 children with completed CBCL/1½-5 at both 2½ and 5 years. Four developmental
trajectory-groups were defined, based on the children’s’ scores on the dysregulation profile. Associations
between co-variates and the four trajectory-groups were assessed by multiple multinomial regression.
ResultsStudy 1, the systematic literature review found the published research in the area very sparse, but
unanimously pointing to a longitudinal association between combined regulatory problems and mental
health problems in preschool- and early school-ages. This was previously found in older children, in
unselected- as well as risk-cohorts with perinatal-, developmental- and/or psychosocial risks. Study 2 found infants with combined regulatory problems of sleeping and feeding/eating from 2 to 12
months at increased risk for general mental health problems at 2½ years, especially regarding emotional
difficulties.
Study 3 found persistent high scores on CBCL/1½-5 dysregulation profile, representing problems with
regulation of emotions, behaviour and attention, from 2½ to 5 years associated with mothers’ symptoms of
depression at 3 months, a short education and smoking during pregnancy.ConclusionOur finding of increased risk of mental health problems in children with combined regulatory problems
before the age of one year is in line with the conclusion from the systematic review. Especially we found
combined problems with feeding/eating and sleeping strongly associated to emotional difficulties at 2½
years. 17% of children in Odense Child Cohort had persistent high score on the dysregulation profile from
2½ to 5 years, indicating problems with regulation of emotions, behaviour and attention. Especially we
found children of mothers with short education or symptoms of postnatal depression more prone to
problems in preschool age. The studies warrant special attention to this group of children with regards to
prophylaxis of persisting difficulties through childhood.
U2 - 10.21996/qjgr-7775
DO - 10.21996/qjgr-7775
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -