Quantification of Costal Cartilage Calcification Using ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT

A quantification technique for costal cartilage calcification using ¹⁸F-sodium fluoride–positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT) has yet to be established, and the effects of aging and other demographic variables on costal cartilage calcification remain understudied. This study aims to introduce a quantification methodology for assessing costal cartilage calcification using ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT, assess age-related changes in its ¹⁸F-NaF uptake in females and males, and examine the relationship between its ¹⁸F-NaF uptake and CT attenuation as well as ¹⁸F-NaF uptake and coronary artery calcification. In this retrospective study, we analyzed subjects from the Cardiovascular Molecular Calcification Assessed by ¹⁸F-NaF PET/CT (CAMONA) clinical trial. This study evaluated 130 subjects (mean age 48.7 ± 14.5 years; n = 67 females). We manually generated regions of interest overlying the costal cartilages from ribs 8 to 10 on the left side, carefully avoiding osseous uptake from adjacent ribs and sternum, to measure cartilaginous ¹⁸F-NaF uptake. Non-parametric statistical analyses (Spearman correlations, Mann–Whitney U tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests) and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed to evaluate sex-specific age-related changes in uptake, correlations between imaging parameters, and associations with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. In females, the mean ¹⁸F-NaF uptake (as assessed by average SUV_mean) was 0.69 ± 0.38 while the corresponding mean Hounsfield Unit (HU) was 108.0 ± 40.0. In males, the mean ¹⁸F-NaF uptake (as assessed by average SUV_mean) was 0.63 ± 0.22, and the mean HU was 104.0 ± 24.0. There was a significant correlation between ¹⁸F-NaF uptake and age in both females (p = 0.003, r = 0.36) and males (p < 0.0001, r = 0.63). The correlation was significantly stronger in males than females (Fisher’s z-test, p = 0.040). There was a significant correlation between CAC score and costal cartilage SUV_mean in both females (r = 0.26, p = 0.036) and males (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001). This study introduces a quantification technique to assess costal cartilage calcification using ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT and demonstrates that the calcification increases with age, more strongly in males than in females, and ¹⁸F-NaF uptake is correlated with CAC score. This technique can be applied to other cartilages of interest, in both physiological and pathological conditions, to assess the effects of aging and various demographic variables on cartilage calcification.