@misc{3281e1e14d2640508f748ff02fa2c622,
title = "Quality of Life in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of the Psychosocial Impacts of Hypoglycaemia",
abstract = "Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic condition that affects more than half a billion people worldwide—and this number is expected to increase by 20% over the next decade. Approximately 9 in 10 cases of diabetes are classified as type 2 diabetes, which is characterised by disruptions in the body{\textquoteright}s ability to produce or utilize the hormone insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Self-management focuses on keeping glucose within or close to the optimal range in order to prevent long-term health complications. Common medical treatments for lowering glucose, sulfonylurea oral medications and insulin injections, are generally effective but also carry an increased risk for hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose).For adults with type 2 diabetes, hypoglycaemia is a common side-effect of self-management. Roughly 30% of sulfonylurea users and 50% of insulin users experience hypoglycaemia each year. While health risks like cardiovascular and neurological complications are well established for hypoglycaemia, a growing body of evidence indicates that hypoglycaemia is also associated with declines in quality of life, which the World Health Organisation (WHO) defines as a multi-domain construct encapsulating a person{\textquoteright}s perceived physical health, psychological state, social relationships, and environmental interactions.Given the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and the high incidence of hypoglycaemia in this population, better understanding hypoglycaemia and the full range of its impacts on quality of life is of vital importance. Therefore, the overall aim of this PhD dissertation was to investigate the everyday impacts of hypoglycaemia on quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes using a mixed-method approach. This aim was pursued over three studies.Study 1: Systematic ReviewPrevious reviews examining the impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life are limited by a reliance on cross-sectional research and a narrow (and sometimes less applicable) selection of measures for assessing quality of life. To address these limitations, a broadly-scoped systematic review was conducted focused only on longitudinal studies. Descriptive synthesis of findings from 20 clinical trials and cohort studies using 16 person-reported outcome measures revealed negative impacts in the physical and psychological domains of quality of life. Findings indicated self-treated hypoglycaemia was followed by impairments in daily functioning and productivity as well as elevated anxiety and diabetes distress, while severe events requiring third-party assistance were followed by reduced confidence in self-management and lower perceptions of general health. Evidence did not support associations between hypoglycaemia and quality of sleep, symptoms of depression, general mood, or social support.Study 2: Mega-AnalysisMega-analysis is an approach to secondary analysis which has the potential to match meta-analysis as the gold standard for quantitative evidence. To provide a deeper examination of the hypoglycaemic impacts described in the longitudinal review, a mega-analysis was conducted on data for adults with type 2 diabetes (N = 7,219) pooled across 23 clinical trials. Covariate-adjusted analyses revealed self-treated hypoglycaemia predicted lower perceptions of physical health (g = 0.15) and productivity (g = 0.12) but was not associated with perceived mental health. Severe events, meanwhile, were linked to lower perceptions of general health (g = 0.56) but not perceived mental health or productivity. Further examination of change in hypoglycaemia and differences between subscales depicted a complex relationship between hypoglycaemia and quality of life.Study 3: Qualitative SurveyExisting evidence supports negative impacts for hypoglycaemia in the physical and physiological domains of quality of life, but few studies have investigated the impact of hypoglycaemia in the social and environmental domains. To explore all four WHO domains from a person-centred perspective, adults with type 2 diabetes in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK were invited to complete an online qualitative survey. Thematic analysis of responses from 71 participants revealed a range of hypoglycaemic impacts on quality of life, including burdens due to self-management; physical, cognitive, and social consequences; performance restrictions; and emotional difficulties. Additionally, every one of these impacts had a negative effect on each of the four domains of quality of life: physical, psychological, social, and environmental.Contributions and ConclusionsThis dissertation offers three original contributions to knowledge. First, evidence from the broadest systematic review of longitudinal studies to date indicates that, in adults with type 2 diabetes, hypoglycaemia leads to reductions in perceived health, physical functioning, and productivity, as well as elevations in anxiety and diabetes distress. Second, results from a first-of-its-kind mega-analysis confirm negative impacts on perceived health and productivity. Third, qualitative evidence from a multi-national survey reveals the many ways hypoglycaemia impacts all four domains of quality of life. Together, these contributions provide clear evidence linking hypoglycaemia to declines in the physical and psychological domains of quality of life, and serve to demonstrate that impacts differ based on episode severity and how quality of life is operationalised. These contributions also illustrate that the lived experience of hypoglycaemia among adults with type 2 diabetes extends beyond impacts in the physical and psychological domains, to include diverse impacts in the social and environmental domains of quality of life as well.",
keywords = "Adults, Hypoglycemia, Quality of Life, Systematic Review, Type 2 Diabetes, Low Blood Glucose, Mega-Analysis, Quantitative, Survey, Qualitative, Thematic Analysis, Longitudinal, Psychosocial, Psychology, Well-being, Clinical, voksne, hypoglyk{\ae}mi, livskvaliteten, Systematisk review, Type 2-diabetes, Lav blodglukose, Megaanalyse, Kvantitativ, Unders{\o}gelse, Kvalitativ, Tematisk analyse, Longitudinelle, psykosociale, Psykologi, velv{\ae}re, kliniske",
author = "Matlock, {Kevin Alan}",
year = "2022",
month = oct,
day = "24",
doi = "10.21996/b3ce-8244",
language = "English",
publisher = "Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet",
school = "SDU",
}