TY - GEN
T1 - Pseudoexon activation, an underreported disease mechanism with a unique potential for tailored therapy
AU - Petersen, Ulrika
PY - 2023/4/14
Y1 - 2023/4/14
N2 - Alternative splicing is essential for the generation of biological complexity from the condensed humangenome. Normal gene expression depends on accuracy of pre-mRNA splicing, but the flexibility of alternativesplicing makes the process susceptible to errors by small changes in the regulation. Single nucleotidesequence variation can cause aberrant splicing, even from deep intronic regions. Intronic sequence variationcan activate nonfunctional pseudoexons for inclusion in mRNA, which will disrupt normal gene expressionand function. Splicing patterns can be modulated with antisense oligonucleotides that block splicingregulatory elements or access of the splicing machinery. Pseudoexons are optimal targets as splice-switchingantisense oligonucleotide (SSO)-mediated pseudoexon skipping will restore normal splicing patterns.Analysis of common sequence characteristics of reported human disease-associated pseudoexons, which are activated by changes in the regulation for normal repression, show that these pseudoexons resemble authentic exons. The nonactivated wild type pseudoexons carry functional splice sites and basal inclusionlevels can be detected in RNA sequencing data, which can make pseudoexons more susceptible to activation for increased inclusion. Pseudoexons can be exploited as gene-regulatory switches by modulation of splicing patterns. SSOs can block inclusion of a pseudoexon in PCCA activated by a deep intronic sequence variation associated with propionic acidemia. This is a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of patients with private pseudoexon activating variations. However, relatively high basal inclusion levels of the nonactivated wild type pseudoexon can be observed in different tissues, and SSO-mediated blocking of basal pseudoexon inclusion can increase gene expression, encoded protein level, and enzyme activity. This can broaden the therapeutic potential for treatment of propionic acidemia in patients with other pathogenic sequence variations that allow residual enzyme activity. Conversely, SSOs can activate inclusion of wild type pseudoexons in LRRK2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of Parkinson’s disease associated with hyperactivation of LRRK2 kinase activity. SSO-mediated pseudoexon activation can downregulate expression and reduce target phosphorylation. Additionally, this strategy carries the potential of allelespecific targeting for downregulation from dominant alleles. A common single nucleotide polymorphismdetermines pseudoexon splice site functionality and creates a unique situation for SSO-mediated activation with complete discrimination between alleles in heterozygotes.Pseudoexon splicing patterns can be modulated by SSOs either to induce skipping or activation for up- or downregulation of functional expression. As many pseudoexons exist in the human genome, pseudoexons that can be exploited as gene-regulatory switches may serve a therapeutic potential for treatment of severalother diseases.
AB - Alternative splicing is essential for the generation of biological complexity from the condensed humangenome. Normal gene expression depends on accuracy of pre-mRNA splicing, but the flexibility of alternativesplicing makes the process susceptible to errors by small changes in the regulation. Single nucleotidesequence variation can cause aberrant splicing, even from deep intronic regions. Intronic sequence variationcan activate nonfunctional pseudoexons for inclusion in mRNA, which will disrupt normal gene expressionand function. Splicing patterns can be modulated with antisense oligonucleotides that block splicingregulatory elements or access of the splicing machinery. Pseudoexons are optimal targets as splice-switchingantisense oligonucleotide (SSO)-mediated pseudoexon skipping will restore normal splicing patterns.Analysis of common sequence characteristics of reported human disease-associated pseudoexons, which are activated by changes in the regulation for normal repression, show that these pseudoexons resemble authentic exons. The nonactivated wild type pseudoexons carry functional splice sites and basal inclusionlevels can be detected in RNA sequencing data, which can make pseudoexons more susceptible to activation for increased inclusion. Pseudoexons can be exploited as gene-regulatory switches by modulation of splicing patterns. SSOs can block inclusion of a pseudoexon in PCCA activated by a deep intronic sequence variation associated with propionic acidemia. This is a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of patients with private pseudoexon activating variations. However, relatively high basal inclusion levels of the nonactivated wild type pseudoexon can be observed in different tissues, and SSO-mediated blocking of basal pseudoexon inclusion can increase gene expression, encoded protein level, and enzyme activity. This can broaden the therapeutic potential for treatment of propionic acidemia in patients with other pathogenic sequence variations that allow residual enzyme activity. Conversely, SSOs can activate inclusion of wild type pseudoexons in LRRK2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of Parkinson’s disease associated with hyperactivation of LRRK2 kinase activity. SSO-mediated pseudoexon activation can downregulate expression and reduce target phosphorylation. Additionally, this strategy carries the potential of allelespecific targeting for downregulation from dominant alleles. A common single nucleotide polymorphismdetermines pseudoexon splice site functionality and creates a unique situation for SSO-mediated activation with complete discrimination between alleles in heterozygotes.Pseudoexon splicing patterns can be modulated by SSOs either to induce skipping or activation for up- or downregulation of functional expression. As many pseudoexons exist in the human genome, pseudoexons that can be exploited as gene-regulatory switches may serve a therapeutic potential for treatment of severalother diseases.
U2 - 10.21996/0zmx-jz18
DO - 10.21996/0zmx-jz18
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -