@misc{02aeddda400e4e42bba1711b5fba1316,
title = "Prehospital Measurements of Blood Lactate for Identification and Early Treatment of Critically ill Patients",
abstract = "Prehospital emergency medical services have developed to be an extended part of advanced in-hospital treatment. They respond to patients with acute illnesses or injuries outside the hospital and initiate treatment if necessary. The prehospital emergency population is diverse, and it is not always apparent that a patient is at risk of a poor outcome. Blood lactate levels are routinely used in-hospital to assess acute patients. Studies have shown that elevated lactate levels were correlated to poor outcomes in patients in the emergency department. A prehospital blood lactate measurement may aid in early prognostication in acute patients if deemed feasible and accurate in a prehospital setting. This thesis aimed to investigate the prognostic use of blood lactate levels measured in acute patients in the prehospital setting. We hypothesized that elevated prehospital levels would be correlated to increased risks of poor outcomes. Four separate studies were conducted to approach this hypothesis.Study I is a systematic review of the usefulness of prehospital blood lactate measurements in acute nontrauma patients. The study investigated three objectives using the same literature search and selection process. The study{\textquoteright}s findings indicated that elevated prehospital lactate levels were correlated to poor outcomes in most acutely ill non-trauma patients but not in patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The study{\textquoteright}s second objective was to evaluate whether prehospital lactate measurements changed early treatment in acute non-trauma patients. Data from three studies with high risks of bias indicate that early treatment may have changed due to prehospital lactate measurements in sepsis patients. The third objective was to evaluate the healthcare professionals' attitudes toward prehospital lactate measurements. The evidence was scarce and inconclusive in this matter.Study II tested the feasibility of a point-of-care (POC) lactate meter in a prehospital setting. The POC device accurately measured emergency patients{\textquoteright} arterial lactate levels and was considered fit for use in Study IV of this thesis. However, the POC device had a systematically negative bias, consistently measuring a lower lactate level than the reference device. Study II also found the agreement of venous lactate levels superior to capillary once compared to the arterial measurements. Thus, venous blood samples were selected for Study IV, as arterial measurements are unsuitable for screening purposes.Study III is a retrospective cohort study investigating 745 critically ill or injured patients treated by a physician-manned mobile emergency care unit. This unit responded to potentially severe prehospital emergencies together with an ambulance. Elevated blood lactate levels in these patients were correlated to poor outcomes, such as short-term mortality and admission to the intensive care unit. Study IV is a prospective cohort study of 11,515 prehospital patients treated by ambulance healthcare personnel. This study also assessed elevated prehospital lactate levels as a prognostic marker of poor outcomes, even though this cohort consisted of patients with presumed lower risks of severe illness than those in Study III. However, this study{\textquoteright}s findings indicate that prehospital lactate measurements cannot be used to predict poor outcomes in patients with seizures.The findings of this thesis verified the hypothesis of a correlation between elevated prehospital lactate levels and an increased risk of poor mortality in most acute prehospital patients. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or seizures are possible exceptions from this correlation. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential effects of changes in early patient treatment made due to prehospital lactate measurements and whether these changes induce improved patient outcomes.",
keywords = "Pr{\ae}hospital, Laktat",
author = "{Houlberg Walther}, Louise",
year = "2024",
month = oct,
day = "10",
doi = "10.21996/jpp7-ma48",
language = "English",
publisher = "Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet",
school = "SDU",
}