Plasma TNF-α levels are higher in early pregnancy in patients with secondary compared with primary recurrent miscarriage

Problem: Specific pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in plasma may characterize women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) but the dynamics of the cytokine profiles with progressing pregnancy is largely unknown. Method of study: Plasma was repeatedly sampled in the first trimester from 47 RM patients. The concentrations of five cytokines including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. TNF-α levels were correlated to carriage of five TNFA promoter polymorphisms. Results: TNF-α levels increased (P = 0.014) with progressing pregnancy, with higher levels in secondary than primary RM (P = 0.042) but with no significant impact on outcome. Carriage of TNFA -863C and TNFA -1031T was associated with higher TNF-α levels, and the former was found more often in secondary than primary RM (P < 0.02). Conclusion: Plasma TNF-α levels increase during early pregnancy in RM women regardless of outcome, but are higher in secondary than primary RM, which may be partly genetically determined.