TY - GEN
T1 - Plaque morphology by Coronary CT Angiography in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes mellitus - Association to biochemical and physiological measures
AU - Mrgan Hansen, Monija
PY - 2022/8/29
Y1 - 2022/8/29
N2 - CAD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrial world. Patients with T2DM have increased risk of CAD and a poor long-term prognosis. Advanced cardiovascular involvement has been detected in asymptomatic patients with T2DM. Information on CAD in patients with T2DM primarily relies on studies of diabetic populations with either long diabetes duration or known CAD. The literature regarding CAD and coronary plaque morphology in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is sparse.Modification of traditional cardiovascular risk factors has been the cornerstone in primary prevention of CAD. However, up to 20 % of patients with CAD do not present any of these. Male sex is an independent risk factor for CAD in the general population. The female sex protection is reduced in patients with T2DM and women’s relative risk for CAD and myocardial infarction is increased by 40-50%. The mechanism for the higher relative risk in women remains undetermined, but during recent years biomarkers mirroring inflammation have been associated with early stages of atherosclerosis.According to previous studies, the use of modern imaging technologies may improve risk stratification and foresee late outcomes in patients with suspected CAD. Coronary CTA is a noninvasive clinical tool that permits detection, quantification and characterisation of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, contrasting evaluation by ICA that primarily enables evaluation of the degree of coronary stenosis. Coronary CTA derived plaque properties have been associated with an unfavourable clinical outcome, and it has been demonstrated that these adverse plaque features independently of stenosis severity are associated to impaired coronary flow. Recently, FFRCT has emerged for non-invasive physiological evaluation of CAD.Despite improvements, cardiovascular risk remains high in patients with T2DM. Early detection of subclinical vascular involvement and intensive medical risk factor control may be essential in the prevention of manifest CAD.The main purpose of this thesis was to assess the frequency and morphology of coronary plaques in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed (<1 year) T2DM and to relate these morphological changes to biochemical and physiological measures.In Study I, patients with T2DM, when compared to age- and sex-matched controls, had more progressive coronary atherosclerosis, as specified by a higher extent of CAC, greater number of affected coronary vessels and a higher occurrence of adverse coronary plaque characteristics. Patients with T2DM had a higher ratio of LD-NCP of the entire total plaque volume compared to controls. Several traditional risk factors for CAD were present already at the time of diagnosis of T2DM, but the contribution of each of these factors for the observed adverse plaque composition could not be elucidated.In Study II, significant differences between men and women with T2DM regarding age or cardiovascular risk factors were not detected. Although women were characterised by less absolute coronary plaque volumes and lower coronary calcification compared to men, the relative amount of the non-calcified part of the entire plaque volume was higher in women while the proportion of the calcified component was lower. Moreover, women had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers as compared to men.Study III evaluates physiological features of CAD by coronary CTA-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) according to morphological plaque characteristics in the early stage of T2DM. Every sixth asymptomatic patient had signs of hemodynamically noteworthy CAD by FFRCT.Study IV showed that patients with CAC were significantly older, were more frequently men, had higher PWA and IMT but a lower BMI and CRP as compared to patients with CAC of zero. Patients with high LD-NCP had significantly higher d-dimer and LDL cholesterol compared to patients with low LD-NCP.This thesis concludes that asymptomatic patients with recently diagnosed T2DM have a higher degree of CAC, more multi-vessel involvement, and an adverse coronary plaque structure compared to subjects without T2DM. Women with recently diagnosed T2DM have less coronary plaque volumes but a more unfavourable plaque structure and showed heightened systemic inflammation. Already at the initial stage of T2DM, adverse morphological plaque features are linked to impaired coronary flow. In addition, we found an association between coronary plaque burden by CAC and indicators of remote vessel atherosclerotic involvement by IMT and PWA.
AB - CAD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrial world. Patients with T2DM have increased risk of CAD and a poor long-term prognosis. Advanced cardiovascular involvement has been detected in asymptomatic patients with T2DM. Information on CAD in patients with T2DM primarily relies on studies of diabetic populations with either long diabetes duration or known CAD. The literature regarding CAD and coronary plaque morphology in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is sparse.Modification of traditional cardiovascular risk factors has been the cornerstone in primary prevention of CAD. However, up to 20 % of patients with CAD do not present any of these. Male sex is an independent risk factor for CAD in the general population. The female sex protection is reduced in patients with T2DM and women’s relative risk for CAD and myocardial infarction is increased by 40-50%. The mechanism for the higher relative risk in women remains undetermined, but during recent years biomarkers mirroring inflammation have been associated with early stages of atherosclerosis.According to previous studies, the use of modern imaging technologies may improve risk stratification and foresee late outcomes in patients with suspected CAD. Coronary CTA is a noninvasive clinical tool that permits detection, quantification and characterisation of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, contrasting evaluation by ICA that primarily enables evaluation of the degree of coronary stenosis. Coronary CTA derived plaque properties have been associated with an unfavourable clinical outcome, and it has been demonstrated that these adverse plaque features independently of stenosis severity are associated to impaired coronary flow. Recently, FFRCT has emerged for non-invasive physiological evaluation of CAD.Despite improvements, cardiovascular risk remains high in patients with T2DM. Early detection of subclinical vascular involvement and intensive medical risk factor control may be essential in the prevention of manifest CAD.The main purpose of this thesis was to assess the frequency and morphology of coronary plaques in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed (<1 year) T2DM and to relate these morphological changes to biochemical and physiological measures.In Study I, patients with T2DM, when compared to age- and sex-matched controls, had more progressive coronary atherosclerosis, as specified by a higher extent of CAC, greater number of affected coronary vessels and a higher occurrence of adverse coronary plaque characteristics. Patients with T2DM had a higher ratio of LD-NCP of the entire total plaque volume compared to controls. Several traditional risk factors for CAD were present already at the time of diagnosis of T2DM, but the contribution of each of these factors for the observed adverse plaque composition could not be elucidated.In Study II, significant differences between men and women with T2DM regarding age or cardiovascular risk factors were not detected. Although women were characterised by less absolute coronary plaque volumes and lower coronary calcification compared to men, the relative amount of the non-calcified part of the entire plaque volume was higher in women while the proportion of the calcified component was lower. Moreover, women had significantly higher concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers as compared to men.Study III evaluates physiological features of CAD by coronary CTA-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) according to morphological plaque characteristics in the early stage of T2DM. Every sixth asymptomatic patient had signs of hemodynamically noteworthy CAD by FFRCT.Study IV showed that patients with CAC were significantly older, were more frequently men, had higher PWA and IMT but a lower BMI and CRP as compared to patients with CAC of zero. Patients with high LD-NCP had significantly higher d-dimer and LDL cholesterol compared to patients with low LD-NCP.This thesis concludes that asymptomatic patients with recently diagnosed T2DM have a higher degree of CAC, more multi-vessel involvement, and an adverse coronary plaque structure compared to subjects without T2DM. Women with recently diagnosed T2DM have less coronary plaque volumes but a more unfavourable plaque structure and showed heightened systemic inflammation. Already at the initial stage of T2DM, adverse morphological plaque features are linked to impaired coronary flow. In addition, we found an association between coronary plaque burden by CAC and indicators of remote vessel atherosclerotic involvement by IMT and PWA.
U2 - 10.21996/t8ck-vg84
DO - 10.21996/t8ck-vg84
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -