TY - GEN
T1 - On adverse outcomes in patients with immune thrombocytopenia
AU - Mannering, Nikolaj
PY - 2024/9/17
Y1 - 2024/9/17
N2 - This PhD-thesis investigates complications following a diagnosis of the
autoimmune blood disorder immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
ITP is characterized by circulating autoantibodies directed against platelets and
megakaryocytes, and is divided into a primary form and a secondary form if an
associated disorder can be identified. Together, these mechanisms trigger a
destruction of platelets and inhibit their production in the bone marrow. This
result in varying degrees of thrombocytopenia and increased risk of bleeding
typically manifested as bruising and minor skin bleeding, to a lesser extent wet
bleeding from mucosa, while the risk of serious bleedings in the brain and the
gastrointestinal tract is low. The bleeding risk is relatively well described in ITP,
but there is a paucity of studies investigating other complications. Previous
studies have shown that mortality and complications in ITP is increased. This is
likely explained by both the disease in itself as well as late effects from the
treatment, and includes serious adverse events such as increased risk of
thrombosis and lethal infections. An increased mortality from hematological
cancer, infections and bleeding has previously been documented. The
cornerstone in the treatment of ITP remains immunosuppression, often as large
accumulated doses of corticosteroids, but with the emergence of different
therapeutic targets the last 10-15 years. This includes among other multiple
generations of thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RA). In addition, the
perception of ITP has changed over time. From previously being characterized
as a benign blood disorder mostly affecting younger individuals, the perception
of ITP today is more dynamic and heterogeneous, with varying
pathophysiology, severity of thrombocytopenia and disease complications,
multiple treatment options, and a more diverse demographic composition of
patients. Studies suggest a risk of chronicity of up to 70%, particularly in the population >65 years of age, and often with an alternating course of disease
with relapses and recurrent treatment needs.There is an unmet need to improve prognosis and prevent short – and longterm complications for patients with ITP through better characterization of the
long-term consequences of the disease, including the risk of serious adverse
health events associated with both the disease and the treatments.
In this PhD-thesis we present four large national cohort studies based on data
from the Danish health registries, with the overall aim of investigating adverse
health events in patients with ITP diagnosed in 1980-2016, compared with a
representative age – and sex matched general population cohort.The first study aimed at studying of survival, comorbidity and causes of death
in patients with chronic primary and secondary ITP. We found a significantly
reduced survival of about 5 years in patients with primary ITP, and 11 years in
secondary ITP compared with the general population. The risk of death from
hematological cancer, bleeding and infection was elevated, and patients had a
higher prevalence of comorbidity at study inclusion.In the second study, we investigated the risk of developing solid cancer (e.g.
lung or bladder) and hematological cancer (e.g. lymphoma or leukemia)
following an ITP diagnosis using binational data from Denmark and France. The
risk was elevated for both solid and hematological cancer in particular,
especially in early years after ITP diagnosis and in younger patients. Results
were comparable in both countries.The third study investigated the risk of fractures. Corticosteroids has remained
the cornerstone in the immunosuppressive primary treatment of ITP for
decades. Secondary osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are well-known steroid side effects, but the risk of fractures in patients with ITP has not been
investigated. We found that patients with primary and secondary ITP have an
increased risk of fractures that are typically associated with osteoporosis – hip
fractures in particular. The risk was highest in the first years following ITP
diagnosis and decreased subsequently, however, the increased risk persisted
over time particularly for younger individuals. The use of bisphosphonates was
higher in patients with ITP, rose especially in the years following ITP diagnosis,
and gradually normalized to the use in the general population.The fourth study investigated the risk of developing mental health events and
the accompanying use of psychotropic drugs. ITP is often a chronic disease that
constitutes both a physical and mental health burden, and multiple studies have
shown a significant reduction in quality of life in patients with ITP. We found
that incident depression, anxiety, and fatigue was more frequently registered
among the patients compared with the general population. The use of
antidepressants, anxiolytics, and morphine was increased, particularly in the
time leading up to and after ITP diagnosis.Together, these four national cohort studies describe and quantify some of
the complications associated with ITP. Our data does not allow for causal
inference but we hypothesize that both the ITP disease in itself, the
treatments, and derivate effects of both may influence our study outcomes.
Clinicians could potentially apply this knowledge in the optimization of
treatment, follow-up, and the shared decision making with patients with ITP.
AB - This PhD-thesis investigates complications following a diagnosis of the
autoimmune blood disorder immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
ITP is characterized by circulating autoantibodies directed against platelets and
megakaryocytes, and is divided into a primary form and a secondary form if an
associated disorder can be identified. Together, these mechanisms trigger a
destruction of platelets and inhibit their production in the bone marrow. This
result in varying degrees of thrombocytopenia and increased risk of bleeding
typically manifested as bruising and minor skin bleeding, to a lesser extent wet
bleeding from mucosa, while the risk of serious bleedings in the brain and the
gastrointestinal tract is low. The bleeding risk is relatively well described in ITP,
but there is a paucity of studies investigating other complications. Previous
studies have shown that mortality and complications in ITP is increased. This is
likely explained by both the disease in itself as well as late effects from the
treatment, and includes serious adverse events such as increased risk of
thrombosis and lethal infections. An increased mortality from hematological
cancer, infections and bleeding has previously been documented. The
cornerstone in the treatment of ITP remains immunosuppression, often as large
accumulated doses of corticosteroids, but with the emergence of different
therapeutic targets the last 10-15 years. This includes among other multiple
generations of thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RA). In addition, the
perception of ITP has changed over time. From previously being characterized
as a benign blood disorder mostly affecting younger individuals, the perception
of ITP today is more dynamic and heterogeneous, with varying
pathophysiology, severity of thrombocytopenia and disease complications,
multiple treatment options, and a more diverse demographic composition of
patients. Studies suggest a risk of chronicity of up to 70%, particularly in the population >65 years of age, and often with an alternating course of disease
with relapses and recurrent treatment needs.There is an unmet need to improve prognosis and prevent short – and longterm complications for patients with ITP through better characterization of the
long-term consequences of the disease, including the risk of serious adverse
health events associated with both the disease and the treatments.
In this PhD-thesis we present four large national cohort studies based on data
from the Danish health registries, with the overall aim of investigating adverse
health events in patients with ITP diagnosed in 1980-2016, compared with a
representative age – and sex matched general population cohort.The first study aimed at studying of survival, comorbidity and causes of death
in patients with chronic primary and secondary ITP. We found a significantly
reduced survival of about 5 years in patients with primary ITP, and 11 years in
secondary ITP compared with the general population. The risk of death from
hematological cancer, bleeding and infection was elevated, and patients had a
higher prevalence of comorbidity at study inclusion.In the second study, we investigated the risk of developing solid cancer (e.g.
lung or bladder) and hematological cancer (e.g. lymphoma or leukemia)
following an ITP diagnosis using binational data from Denmark and France. The
risk was elevated for both solid and hematological cancer in particular,
especially in early years after ITP diagnosis and in younger patients. Results
were comparable in both countries.The third study investigated the risk of fractures. Corticosteroids has remained
the cornerstone in the immunosuppressive primary treatment of ITP for
decades. Secondary osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are well-known steroid side effects, but the risk of fractures in patients with ITP has not been
investigated. We found that patients with primary and secondary ITP have an
increased risk of fractures that are typically associated with osteoporosis – hip
fractures in particular. The risk was highest in the first years following ITP
diagnosis and decreased subsequently, however, the increased risk persisted
over time particularly for younger individuals. The use of bisphosphonates was
higher in patients with ITP, rose especially in the years following ITP diagnosis,
and gradually normalized to the use in the general population.The fourth study investigated the risk of developing mental health events and
the accompanying use of psychotropic drugs. ITP is often a chronic disease that
constitutes both a physical and mental health burden, and multiple studies have
shown a significant reduction in quality of life in patients with ITP. We found
that incident depression, anxiety, and fatigue was more frequently registered
among the patients compared with the general population. The use of
antidepressants, anxiolytics, and morphine was increased, particularly in the
time leading up to and after ITP diagnosis.Together, these four national cohort studies describe and quantify some of
the complications associated with ITP. Our data does not allow for causal
inference but we hypothesize that both the ITP disease in itself, the
treatments, and derivate effects of both may influence our study outcomes.
Clinicians could potentially apply this knowledge in the optimization of
treatment, follow-up, and the shared decision making with patients with ITP.
U2 - 10.21996/kh10-tb50
DO - 10.21996/kh10-tb50
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -