TY - GEN
T1 - Non-invasive and clinical aspects of individuals at risk for steatotic liver disease
AU - Wernberg, Charlotte
PY - 2023/4/14
Y1 - 2023/4/14
N2 - Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasingly
massive burden on our healthcare system. The disease is a spectrum of varying
degrees of severity, and people who have risk factors (e.g., severe obesity or type 2
diabetes) face an enhanced risk of the disease progressing into non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) and even cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, the liver gradually becomes
severely impaired with scar tissue and steadily loses its vital functions. Today, NASH
can only be diagnosed with a liver biopsy, which can result in adverse complications.
Therefore, there is a need for methods to detect significant fatty liver disease in
patients with risk factors without performing a biopsy, and to be able to monitor
disease activity.Aim: This thesis aimed to explore non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose and monitor
NASH. In addition, we wanted to investigate whether people with different degrees
of fatty liver disease show impaired cognition. We have focused on investigating
“The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2” (TREM-2), a marker on the
surface of liver macrophages that has biological functions related to inflammation.Methods: Several prospective clinical trials (Odense University Hospital and Esbjerg
Hospital, 2016–2022) have contributed data to the studies and manuscripts included
in this thesis. All participants gave consent to have several examinations carried out,
including liver elastography, blood samples, and liver biopsy at the first visit (Papers
1 and 2 are cross-sectional studies). At a follow-up and final visits, the same
examinations and tests were repeated (Paper 3, follow-up study). All participants
included had metabolic risk factors. People with severe obesity, recruited from
Esbjerg Hospital, had several cognitive tests performed during the baseline visit.In Paper 1, we investigated the diagnostic ability of TREM2 to distinguish between
NAS and no NASH. The Fibro-STARD guidelines was used.
In Paper 2, we investigated the prevalence of impaired cognition and the predictors
associated with impaired cognitive function. All included participants had a round of
basic tests (CRT, PSE, Stroop test), and a representative sub-group had an additional
extensive RBANS test. The STROBE guidelines was used.
In Paper 3, we investigated the ability of several non-invasive tests (NITs) to reflect a
change of histologic NAFLD Activity Score (NAS). Measurements: sTREM2,
collagen markers PRO-C3, PRO-C4, PRO-C6, PRO-C8, and PRO-C18L, liver
stiffness using Fibroscan, FAST-score, and HOMA-IR.Results: In Paper 1, we included 48 + 170 people (derivation and validation study).
All had an elevated liver stiffness ≥8 kPa (measured by elastography), a liver biopsy,
and no excessive alcohol consumption. The level of TREM2 in plasma was 2.1 times
higher in subjects with NAS≥4 and showed high diagnostic accuracy in the validation
group with an AUROC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77–0.89, p <0.0001).In Paper 2, we examine 180 people with severe obesity (72% women, 54% fatty liver
(NAFL), and 24% NASH). Cognition was impaired in 20%, but not more frequently
in people with NAFL or NASH. In the sub-group, the RBANS test (a far more
comprehensive test) found that 40% of tested persons showed impaired cognition.
Factors associated with impaired cognition were: male sex (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.32–
10.27); low LDL (0.59, 95% CI 0.37–0.96); and taking at least two psychoactive
drugs (5.24, 95% CI 1.34–20.4), and only male sex and LDL was associated in the
RBANS sub-group. TREM2 levels were lower in subjects with an abnormal RBANS
test (p=0.015) but were not associated with cognitive impairment in multivariate
logistic regression analysis.In Paper 3, 173 participants were included, mean age of 52 years (±12), 38% males,
70% had low fibrosis (F0-F1), 29% had a NAS above 4 (n=51), and 23% had NASH
(n=39) at baseline. A stepwise correlation of NAS improvement was seen for
TREM2, PRO-C3, and FAST scores (p=0.0001). A regression model with sTREM2
and PRO-C3 could predict NAS improvement (AUROC 0.75) with an OR 1.13 for
every unit decrease (p=0.001, 95% CI 1.04–1.21). HOMA-IR performed well
(AUROC 0.76, OR 1.22 p<0.001), while FIB-4 and NFS did not (AUROC < 0.60,
OR <1.05 p>0.5).Conclusion: This combined work has found that TREM2 is a reliable diagnostic
biomarker for NASH and has good accuracy. Cognitive impairment appears to be
frequent in people with severe obesity, but it is not associated with either NAFLD
severity or NASH. sTREM2 was not elevated in patients with cognitive impairment,
but was lower, however did not predict cognitive impairment in regression analysis.
In patients with metabolic comorbidity and moderate inflammation and fibrosis, a
combination of sTREM2 and PRO-C3 reflects NAS improvement and is a potential
surrogate marker of NAS improvement. FIB4 and NFS showed low accuracy of
histologic response in our cohort. TREM2 needs validation in external cohorts. Whether this cognitive impairment
affects persons in their daily life should be investigated, preferably with patients as
research partners.
AB - Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasingly
massive burden on our healthcare system. The disease is a spectrum of varying
degrees of severity, and people who have risk factors (e.g., severe obesity or type 2
diabetes) face an enhanced risk of the disease progressing into non-alcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH) and even cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, the liver gradually becomes
severely impaired with scar tissue and steadily loses its vital functions. Today, NASH
can only be diagnosed with a liver biopsy, which can result in adverse complications.
Therefore, there is a need for methods to detect significant fatty liver disease in
patients with risk factors without performing a biopsy, and to be able to monitor
disease activity.Aim: This thesis aimed to explore non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose and monitor
NASH. In addition, we wanted to investigate whether people with different degrees
of fatty liver disease show impaired cognition. We have focused on investigating
“The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2” (TREM-2), a marker on the
surface of liver macrophages that has biological functions related to inflammation.Methods: Several prospective clinical trials (Odense University Hospital and Esbjerg
Hospital, 2016–2022) have contributed data to the studies and manuscripts included
in this thesis. All participants gave consent to have several examinations carried out,
including liver elastography, blood samples, and liver biopsy at the first visit (Papers
1 and 2 are cross-sectional studies). At a follow-up and final visits, the same
examinations and tests were repeated (Paper 3, follow-up study). All participants
included had metabolic risk factors. People with severe obesity, recruited from
Esbjerg Hospital, had several cognitive tests performed during the baseline visit.In Paper 1, we investigated the diagnostic ability of TREM2 to distinguish between
NAS and no NASH. The Fibro-STARD guidelines was used.
In Paper 2, we investigated the prevalence of impaired cognition and the predictors
associated with impaired cognitive function. All included participants had a round of
basic tests (CRT, PSE, Stroop test), and a representative sub-group had an additional
extensive RBANS test. The STROBE guidelines was used.
In Paper 3, we investigated the ability of several non-invasive tests (NITs) to reflect a
change of histologic NAFLD Activity Score (NAS). Measurements: sTREM2,
collagen markers PRO-C3, PRO-C4, PRO-C6, PRO-C8, and PRO-C18L, liver
stiffness using Fibroscan, FAST-score, and HOMA-IR.Results: In Paper 1, we included 48 + 170 people (derivation and validation study).
All had an elevated liver stiffness ≥8 kPa (measured by elastography), a liver biopsy,
and no excessive alcohol consumption. The level of TREM2 in plasma was 2.1 times
higher in subjects with NAS≥4 and showed high diagnostic accuracy in the validation
group with an AUROC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77–0.89, p <0.0001).In Paper 2, we examine 180 people with severe obesity (72% women, 54% fatty liver
(NAFL), and 24% NASH). Cognition was impaired in 20%, but not more frequently
in people with NAFL or NASH. In the sub-group, the RBANS test (a far more
comprehensive test) found that 40% of tested persons showed impaired cognition.
Factors associated with impaired cognition were: male sex (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.32–
10.27); low LDL (0.59, 95% CI 0.37–0.96); and taking at least two psychoactive
drugs (5.24, 95% CI 1.34–20.4), and only male sex and LDL was associated in the
RBANS sub-group. TREM2 levels were lower in subjects with an abnormal RBANS
test (p=0.015) but were not associated with cognitive impairment in multivariate
logistic regression analysis.In Paper 3, 173 participants were included, mean age of 52 years (±12), 38% males,
70% had low fibrosis (F0-F1), 29% had a NAS above 4 (n=51), and 23% had NASH
(n=39) at baseline. A stepwise correlation of NAS improvement was seen for
TREM2, PRO-C3, and FAST scores (p=0.0001). A regression model with sTREM2
and PRO-C3 could predict NAS improvement (AUROC 0.75) with an OR 1.13 for
every unit decrease (p=0.001, 95% CI 1.04–1.21). HOMA-IR performed well
(AUROC 0.76, OR 1.22 p<0.001), while FIB-4 and NFS did not (AUROC < 0.60,
OR <1.05 p>0.5).Conclusion: This combined work has found that TREM2 is a reliable diagnostic
biomarker for NASH and has good accuracy. Cognitive impairment appears to be
frequent in people with severe obesity, but it is not associated with either NAFLD
severity or NASH. sTREM2 was not elevated in patients with cognitive impairment,
but was lower, however did not predict cognitive impairment in regression analysis.
In patients with metabolic comorbidity and moderate inflammation and fibrosis, a
combination of sTREM2 and PRO-C3 reflects NAS improvement and is a potential
surrogate marker of NAS improvement. FIB4 and NFS showed low accuracy of
histologic response in our cohort. TREM2 needs validation in external cohorts. Whether this cognitive impairment
affects persons in their daily life should be investigated, preferably with patients as
research partners.
U2 - 10.21966/0y5q-zt32
DO - 10.21966/0y5q-zt32
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -