TY - GEN
T1 - NeoThyr - Significance of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism to offspring metabolic function and early development
AU - Guldberg Stryhn, Julie Kristine
PY - 2023/9/12
Y1 - 2023/9/12
N2 - Guidelines for “thyroid normality” and guidance for substitution with thyroid hormone during pregnancy to prevent possible adverse effects to the exposed fetus during pregnancy have changed several times through recent years, internationally as well as in Denmark. The “NeoThyr” study enrolled 77 women prior to a planned cesarean section at Naestved Hospital in the period Januar February 2014 (pilot study) and again from June 2014 - July 2015(main study) if they were singleton pregnant and had no diagnoses of endocrine disease or preeclampsia. Samples of thyroid status and samples for assessment of mitochondrial function were drawn in prior to the cesarean. At delivery, blood from the cord was sampledas well.Research questions for the study were to:i) investigate the mitochondrial function in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, and their offspring.ii) investigate if perinatal period and early child development were affected by exposure to untreated maternal subclinical hypothyroidism in utero. iii) investigate whether different proposed TSH levels used as upper cutoff levels for normality of thyroid function during pregnancy had any impact on mitochondrial function and child development.The thesis is based on four papers:Paper I addresses basic research questions regarding flow cytometry on mononuclear blood cells stained with the fluorophores Mitotracker Green (MTG) and TetraMethylRhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM). A cohort of 53 healthy, euthyroid (TSH < 3.0 mIU/L) third trimester pregnant women and their offspring were included. Flow cytometric measurements of maternal and cord blood were performed, and results compared. The methods´ applicability to cord blood is discussed in this paper. In addition, quality studies of the method regarding cell viability and stability are presented. The paper demonstrates that mitochondrial measurements, reflected by fluorescence intensity of MTG and TMRM, have lower levels in cord blood compared to maternal levels. Measurements of maternal and cord values were positively correlated. However, values were not directly translational of “in vivo” mitochondrial function. Instead, the method seemed able to measure mitochondrial expressions indirectly by the MTG/TMRM ratio, which we suggest reflects mitochondrial robustness to stress.In paper II, the methods described in paper I were applied to the total cohort of both euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women, and their offspring. Upper reference of thyroid normality was set at TSH 3.0 and 3.7 mIU/L, respectively. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with increased cord-TSH. However, we did not find signs of changed mitochondrial robustness in the subclinical hypothyroid cohort, irrespective of TSH cutoff level applied.In paper III we studied maternal mitochondria-related gene expressions (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β, Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A, Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2) in the same population as in paper II. Although every gene had lower expressions in the subclinical hypothyroid cohort, differences were not significant, except for one (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β). Samples from 11 euthyroid and 11 subclinical hypothyroid (TSH > 3.0 mIU/L) women and their offspring were tested for miRNA expressions in an attempt to find biomarkers of subclinical hypothyroidism. The 20 most (by t-test) significant, differently expressed miRNAs between euthyroid and subhypothyroid groups were presented in the study. After Benjamini Hochberg correction, only one miRNA (hsa-miR-340- 3p) in cord blood could be regarded a potential offspring biomarker of exposure to subclinical hypothyroidism. However, two miRNAs (hsa-let-7d-3p and hsa-miR-345-5p) were equally upregulated in maternal and cord subclinical hypothyroid samples, and therefore could be biomarkers of subclinical hypothyroid state.Paper IV describes offspring outcome in relation to the formerly applied cutoffs for subclinical hypothyroidism definition. Perinatal complications and anthropometrics were assessed, and no differences were found between different TSH-cutoff levels. For the follow-up cohort at age 6 and 15 months, cognitive, motor and communicative development were tested by Bayley-III test. Cognitive scores in male subclinical hypothyroid offspring were significantly lower at TSH-cutoff 3.0 mIU/L (subhypothyroid proportion 41%). Motor scores were significantly lower at age 15 months at TSH cutoff 3.7 mIU/L (subhypothyroid proportion 19%). The study demonstrates a slightly impaired early cognitive development in subclinical hypothyroid offsprings at applied TSH cutoff 3.0 mIU/L, and in motor development at cutoff 3.7 mIU/L.Moreover, a male effect seems present. Thus, chosen cutoff and child gender may have great importance to the significance of study results.In conclusion, we demonstrated increased TSH in cord blood of subclinical hypothyroid cohorts. An overall changed mitochondrial function could not be detected, but the study was small. All mitochondria-related gene expressions were lower in subclinical hypothyroid women, but results were only significant for one. Therefore, larger studies of mitochondrial function (especially concerning gene expressions) could be encouraged. A potential adverse effect on early cognitive development in male offspring exposed to subclinical hypothyroidism in fetal life was demonstrated (TSH-cutoff 3.0 mIU/L).
AB - Guidelines for “thyroid normality” and guidance for substitution with thyroid hormone during pregnancy to prevent possible adverse effects to the exposed fetus during pregnancy have changed several times through recent years, internationally as well as in Denmark. The “NeoThyr” study enrolled 77 women prior to a planned cesarean section at Naestved Hospital in the period Januar February 2014 (pilot study) and again from June 2014 - July 2015(main study) if they were singleton pregnant and had no diagnoses of endocrine disease or preeclampsia. Samples of thyroid status and samples for assessment of mitochondrial function were drawn in prior to the cesarean. At delivery, blood from the cord was sampledas well.Research questions for the study were to:i) investigate the mitochondrial function in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, and their offspring.ii) investigate if perinatal period and early child development were affected by exposure to untreated maternal subclinical hypothyroidism in utero. iii) investigate whether different proposed TSH levels used as upper cutoff levels for normality of thyroid function during pregnancy had any impact on mitochondrial function and child development.The thesis is based on four papers:Paper I addresses basic research questions regarding flow cytometry on mononuclear blood cells stained with the fluorophores Mitotracker Green (MTG) and TetraMethylRhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM). A cohort of 53 healthy, euthyroid (TSH < 3.0 mIU/L) third trimester pregnant women and their offspring were included. Flow cytometric measurements of maternal and cord blood were performed, and results compared. The methods´ applicability to cord blood is discussed in this paper. In addition, quality studies of the method regarding cell viability and stability are presented. The paper demonstrates that mitochondrial measurements, reflected by fluorescence intensity of MTG and TMRM, have lower levels in cord blood compared to maternal levels. Measurements of maternal and cord values were positively correlated. However, values were not directly translational of “in vivo” mitochondrial function. Instead, the method seemed able to measure mitochondrial expressions indirectly by the MTG/TMRM ratio, which we suggest reflects mitochondrial robustness to stress.In paper II, the methods described in paper I were applied to the total cohort of both euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid women, and their offspring. Upper reference of thyroid normality was set at TSH 3.0 and 3.7 mIU/L, respectively. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with increased cord-TSH. However, we did not find signs of changed mitochondrial robustness in the subclinical hypothyroid cohort, irrespective of TSH cutoff level applied.In paper III we studied maternal mitochondria-related gene expressions (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β, Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A, Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2) in the same population as in paper II. Although every gene had lower expressions in the subclinical hypothyroid cohort, differences were not significant, except for one (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1β). Samples from 11 euthyroid and 11 subclinical hypothyroid (TSH > 3.0 mIU/L) women and their offspring were tested for miRNA expressions in an attempt to find biomarkers of subclinical hypothyroidism. The 20 most (by t-test) significant, differently expressed miRNAs between euthyroid and subhypothyroid groups were presented in the study. After Benjamini Hochberg correction, only one miRNA (hsa-miR-340- 3p) in cord blood could be regarded a potential offspring biomarker of exposure to subclinical hypothyroidism. However, two miRNAs (hsa-let-7d-3p and hsa-miR-345-5p) were equally upregulated in maternal and cord subclinical hypothyroid samples, and therefore could be biomarkers of subclinical hypothyroid state.Paper IV describes offspring outcome in relation to the formerly applied cutoffs for subclinical hypothyroidism definition. Perinatal complications and anthropometrics were assessed, and no differences were found between different TSH-cutoff levels. For the follow-up cohort at age 6 and 15 months, cognitive, motor and communicative development were tested by Bayley-III test. Cognitive scores in male subclinical hypothyroid offspring were significantly lower at TSH-cutoff 3.0 mIU/L (subhypothyroid proportion 41%). Motor scores were significantly lower at age 15 months at TSH cutoff 3.7 mIU/L (subhypothyroid proportion 19%). The study demonstrates a slightly impaired early cognitive development in subclinical hypothyroid offsprings at applied TSH cutoff 3.0 mIU/L, and in motor development at cutoff 3.7 mIU/L.Moreover, a male effect seems present. Thus, chosen cutoff and child gender may have great importance to the significance of study results.In conclusion, we demonstrated increased TSH in cord blood of subclinical hypothyroid cohorts. An overall changed mitochondrial function could not be detected, but the study was small. All mitochondria-related gene expressions were lower in subclinical hypothyroid women, but results were only significant for one. Therefore, larger studies of mitochondrial function (especially concerning gene expressions) could be encouraged. A potential adverse effect on early cognitive development in male offspring exposed to subclinical hypothyroidism in fetal life was demonstrated (TSH-cutoff 3.0 mIU/L).
KW - subclinical hypothyroidism
KW - mitochondrial function
KW - cord blood
KW - newborn
KW - pregnancy
KW - reference intervals
KW - thyrotropin
KW - flow cytometry
KW - mitochondrial mass
KW - mitochondrial membrane potential
KW - development
KW - Bayley-III
KW - anthropometrics
KW - miRNAs
KW - TFAM
KW - SOD-2
KW - NRF-2
KW - PGC-1
U2 - 10.21996/w8dz-av96
DO - 10.21996/w8dz-av96
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -