TY - GEN
T1 - Motivational factors and barriers to Continuing Medical Education in General Practice
AU - Ibsen, Helle
PY - 2025/10/2
Y1 - 2025/10/2
N2 - General practice constitutes the cornerstone of the Danish healthcare system,
serving as the primary point of contact for most patients. Nearly 90% are in contact with their general practitioner each year, and 90% of these consultations
are managed within general practice without referral. The forthcoming Danish
Health Reform aims to shift a greater number of responsibilities to the primary
health care. A well-educated general practice is essential for a well-functioning
healthcare system.
Continuing medical education plays a vital role for general practitioners’
knowledge, skills, and clinical performance. It has a positive impact on patient
outcomes and contributes to reduces healthcare costs. Moreover, continuing
education contributes to improved well-being among general practitioners and is
associated with delayed retirement.
Despite the well-documented benefits, a proportion of general practitioners do
not utilise their educational funds. Previous studies have identified workload,
limited access to relevant courses, and financial constraints as barriers to participation. In Denmark, general practitioners have access to well-established
and well-remunerated continuing education. It is likely that those who do participate in continuing education also experience high levels of workload.
What characterises the general practitioners who rarely engage in continuing
education? And how can education be tailored to ensure relevance and accessibility for all practitioners?
This thesis, based on ten interviews with general practitioners and a questionnaire distributed to all GPs in Denmark, explores various aspects of continuing
medical education among general practitioners. A total of 1,303 (40%) of the
3,257 GPs responded to the survey in May 2023.
Interviews with ten general practitioners who had not participated in remunerated continuing education revealed several barriers to their involvement. All participants cited workload as a contributing factor but were also able to articulate
an underlying reason. Workload alone was not necessarily a barrier; rather,
when additional obstacles were present in an already busy workday, continuing
education became overwhelming.
The barriers identified could be categorised into three groups: Barriers related
to the general practitioner (e.g. newly established, personal affected, or other
professional commitments); barriers related to the clinic (e.g. vacancies, lack of
a culture supporting education, or imminent retirement); and barriers related the
education (e.g. geographical distance, course topics, or teaching methods).
Results from the questionnaire indicated that infrequent users of continuing education did not constitute a homogeneous group. They included practitioners
engaged in other medical work outside the clinic, those facing personal or professional challenges, and those working in practices with no established culture
of continuing education. These findings suggest the need for a differentiated approach when designing educational initiatives aimed at practitioners with low
participation rates.
All general practitioners were motivated by perceived competence in their daily
clinical work with patients. It was essential for all general practitioners that
teachers and/or course leaders possessed a thorough understanding of general
practice. Those who rarely participated in continuing education tended to prefer
individual, less-involving learning formats, but were not opposed to group-based
learning or interdisciplinary learning activities within their own practices.
Reimbursement for continuing education was reported as a less significant motivating factor, particularly among practitioners with low participation rates. This
study did not investigate whether reduced reimbursement would negatively affect motivation.
A resistance towards mandatory education, which is also reflected in international studies, appeared to diminish when the educational content was relevant
to enhancing competence in daily clinical practice. The resistance was reduced
to such an extent that most general practitioners preferred the current three
days of mandatory continuing education – or even supported an expansion of
the mandatory education.
A continuing medical education programme with content relevant to general
practice, delivered by course leaders and educators with a solid understanding
of the context in general practice, strengthens the quality of professional development. The option to choose between different teaching formats may increase
participation among infrequent users – without reducing participation among
those who already participate. If mandatory continuing education meets these
criteria, it may be perceived as a legitimate reason to take time away from the
clinic – and thereby support continuing education.
AB - General practice constitutes the cornerstone of the Danish healthcare system,
serving as the primary point of contact for most patients. Nearly 90% are in contact with their general practitioner each year, and 90% of these consultations
are managed within general practice without referral. The forthcoming Danish
Health Reform aims to shift a greater number of responsibilities to the primary
health care. A well-educated general practice is essential for a well-functioning
healthcare system.
Continuing medical education plays a vital role for general practitioners’
knowledge, skills, and clinical performance. It has a positive impact on patient
outcomes and contributes to reduces healthcare costs. Moreover, continuing
education contributes to improved well-being among general practitioners and is
associated with delayed retirement.
Despite the well-documented benefits, a proportion of general practitioners do
not utilise their educational funds. Previous studies have identified workload,
limited access to relevant courses, and financial constraints as barriers to participation. In Denmark, general practitioners have access to well-established
and well-remunerated continuing education. It is likely that those who do participate in continuing education also experience high levels of workload.
What characterises the general practitioners who rarely engage in continuing
education? And how can education be tailored to ensure relevance and accessibility for all practitioners?
This thesis, based on ten interviews with general practitioners and a questionnaire distributed to all GPs in Denmark, explores various aspects of continuing
medical education among general practitioners. A total of 1,303 (40%) of the
3,257 GPs responded to the survey in May 2023.
Interviews with ten general practitioners who had not participated in remunerated continuing education revealed several barriers to their involvement. All participants cited workload as a contributing factor but were also able to articulate
an underlying reason. Workload alone was not necessarily a barrier; rather,
when additional obstacles were present in an already busy workday, continuing
education became overwhelming.
The barriers identified could be categorised into three groups: Barriers related
to the general practitioner (e.g. newly established, personal affected, or other
professional commitments); barriers related to the clinic (e.g. vacancies, lack of
a culture supporting education, or imminent retirement); and barriers related the
education (e.g. geographical distance, course topics, or teaching methods).
Results from the questionnaire indicated that infrequent users of continuing education did not constitute a homogeneous group. They included practitioners
engaged in other medical work outside the clinic, those facing personal or professional challenges, and those working in practices with no established culture
of continuing education. These findings suggest the need for a differentiated approach when designing educational initiatives aimed at practitioners with low
participation rates.
All general practitioners were motivated by perceived competence in their daily
clinical work with patients. It was essential for all general practitioners that
teachers and/or course leaders possessed a thorough understanding of general
practice. Those who rarely participated in continuing education tended to prefer
individual, less-involving learning formats, but were not opposed to group-based
learning or interdisciplinary learning activities within their own practices.
Reimbursement for continuing education was reported as a less significant motivating factor, particularly among practitioners with low participation rates. This
study did not investigate whether reduced reimbursement would negatively affect motivation.
A resistance towards mandatory education, which is also reflected in international studies, appeared to diminish when the educational content was relevant
to enhancing competence in daily clinical practice. The resistance was reduced
to such an extent that most general practitioners preferred the current three
days of mandatory continuing education – or even supported an expansion of
the mandatory education.
A continuing medical education programme with content relevant to general
practice, delivered by course leaders and educators with a solid understanding
of the context in general practice, strengthens the quality of professional development. The option to choose between different teaching formats may increase
participation among infrequent users – without reducing participation among
those who already participate. If mandatory continuing education meets these
criteria, it may be perceived as a legitimate reason to take time away from the
clinic – and thereby support continuing education.
KW - Continuing Medical Education
KW - Barriers
KW - General Practice
KW - Motivation
KW - Mandatory education
KW - CME formats
U2 - 10.21996/4bbbacc5-5157-4836-b4db-b2704aa7c33e
DO - 10.21996/4bbbacc5-5157-4836-b4db-b2704aa7c33e
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -