TY - GEN
T1 - Mortality and morbidity of infants with symptomatic Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia treated at Odense University Hospital, a single center without ECMO
T2 - Symptomatic congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated at Odense University Hospital from 1998 to 2015 – outcome from a non-ECMO center in Denmark.
AU - Lei Larsen, Ulla
PY - 2024/9/26
Y1 - 2024/9/26
N2 - The aim of the studies comprising this PhD thesis was to identify and describe a cohort of children
and adolescents born with symptomatic congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and treated at
Odense University Hospital. CDH presents as a defect of the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to herniate into the
thoracic cavity of the fetus during pregnancy. Most CDH cases present with cardio-pulmonary
instability within hours after birth (symptomatic CDH). The main features are lung hypoplasia,
pulmonary hypertension and ventricular dysfunction. Vascular reactivity and abnormalities
contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Clinical presentation varies, but the
primary challenge of symptomatic CDH is cardiopulmonary instability. CDH can present as an
isolated defect or be associated with other anomalies. In 2010 (updated 2015) the CDH EURO
consortium published a consensus statement on postnatal management of infants with CDH.
Odense University hospital (OUH) adheres to these recommendations, but have had a different
strategy on the utility of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and nutritional support.
Advances in resuscitation strategies have increased survival over the past decades. Speculatively,
this may result in survival of infants with more severe conditions and thereby increase long-term
morbidity. However, no long-term data on the Danish cohort is available.We reported on mortality, during a study period from 1998 to 2015, in a retrospective cohort
study. Secondly, we performed a cross sectional follow-up study including the CDH-survivors
identified in the cohort born from 1998 – 2015. The identified survivors were included in the crosssectional follow-up study to evaluate on long-term morbidity and consented CDH-survivors
participated in a follow-up program consisting of; an interview, lung function test
(plethysmography, spirometry. Diffusion capacity), chest x-ray, echocardiography (focus on
assessment of pulmonary hypertension) and quality of life questionnaire (PedsQL 4.0 generic). 28-day mortality and 1-year mortality during the study period was 21.1% and 22.1%, respectively.
Of the 21 non-survivors, nine died within the first 24 hours and ten after surgical repair. Lower
APGAR scores at 1 + 5 min., prenatal diagnosis and delivery at our center were associated with
increased risk of death. We found mortality in symptomatic CDH at our center to be comparable
to results from other centers, including both ECMO and non-ECMO centers. Of the 74 CDH survivors, 71 were eligible for inclusion and 51 (68.9%) consented to participate;
median age was 12.2 (5.5 – 21.4) years, 28 (54.9%) were male, 42 (82.4%) had left sided hernias,
10 (19.6%) had needed patch-repair and median length of stay in hospital was 27.96 days (IQR
18.54 – 61.56). Clinical follow-up of our cohort of CDH-survivors identified the presence of
pulmonary sequelae. Chronic or fixed obstructive patterns and hyperinflation were the most
common findings, but a small subset presented with a restrictive disorder. The majority
experienced only mild impairment. None of the participants showed indirect signs of persistent
pulmonary hypertension. The overall reported quality of life in the cohort was good, but we noted
a trend towards higher quality of life scores in the older part of the cohort and identified a small
subset of participants “at risk of impaired quality of life”. Respiratory symptoms was associated
with lower quality of life. It was not within the objectives of this study, but other findings included
asymptomatic recurrence of the hernia, scoliosis and indications of other CDH-related morbidity,
such as GERD. Ordinary school/educational goals were achieved by 94.1% and more than 2/3 were
actively engaged in sports on a regular basis.Our cohort present with CDH-related morbidity and our findings support the need for a systematic
follow-up program in a multi-disciplinary setting. Fol based on an algorithm adjusted to the
distinct features of CDH physiology, stratification of severity and longitudinal observations.
Involvement of different specialties is essential, including pediatric surgeons, pediatrics -
cardiology, pulmonology and gastroenterology, dieticians, and orthopedics. We advocate
prolonged follow-up, as some features of CDH improve, others have the potential to deteriorate
with time and a transfer into an adult setting of follow-up is needed. A follow-up program must be
able to embrace the variation in clinical presentation, ensure detection and treatment of CDHrelated morbidity to prevent impact on quality of life, but also, to acknowledge and support that
most children/adolescences born with CDH regard themselves as healthy and living normal lives.
Prenatal care is rapidly improving and early diagnosis of CDH, within the timeframe of a possible
termination of the pregnancy, is feasible in the majority of cases. In Denmark, termination is
possible until GA 22 and obtained approval by the special abortion counsel. We believe our results
have contributed valuable information on outcome usable in counseling of couples with a
diagnosed CDH-fetus.
AB - The aim of the studies comprising this PhD thesis was to identify and describe a cohort of children
and adolescents born with symptomatic congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and treated at
Odense University Hospital. CDH presents as a defect of the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to herniate into the
thoracic cavity of the fetus during pregnancy. Most CDH cases present with cardio-pulmonary
instability within hours after birth (symptomatic CDH). The main features are lung hypoplasia,
pulmonary hypertension and ventricular dysfunction. Vascular reactivity and abnormalities
contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Clinical presentation varies, but the
primary challenge of symptomatic CDH is cardiopulmonary instability. CDH can present as an
isolated defect or be associated with other anomalies. In 2010 (updated 2015) the CDH EURO
consortium published a consensus statement on postnatal management of infants with CDH.
Odense University hospital (OUH) adheres to these recommendations, but have had a different
strategy on the utility of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) and nutritional support.
Advances in resuscitation strategies have increased survival over the past decades. Speculatively,
this may result in survival of infants with more severe conditions and thereby increase long-term
morbidity. However, no long-term data on the Danish cohort is available.We reported on mortality, during a study period from 1998 to 2015, in a retrospective cohort
study. Secondly, we performed a cross sectional follow-up study including the CDH-survivors
identified in the cohort born from 1998 – 2015. The identified survivors were included in the crosssectional follow-up study to evaluate on long-term morbidity and consented CDH-survivors
participated in a follow-up program consisting of; an interview, lung function test
(plethysmography, spirometry. Diffusion capacity), chest x-ray, echocardiography (focus on
assessment of pulmonary hypertension) and quality of life questionnaire (PedsQL 4.0 generic). 28-day mortality and 1-year mortality during the study period was 21.1% and 22.1%, respectively.
Of the 21 non-survivors, nine died within the first 24 hours and ten after surgical repair. Lower
APGAR scores at 1 + 5 min., prenatal diagnosis and delivery at our center were associated with
increased risk of death. We found mortality in symptomatic CDH at our center to be comparable
to results from other centers, including both ECMO and non-ECMO centers. Of the 74 CDH survivors, 71 were eligible for inclusion and 51 (68.9%) consented to participate;
median age was 12.2 (5.5 – 21.4) years, 28 (54.9%) were male, 42 (82.4%) had left sided hernias,
10 (19.6%) had needed patch-repair and median length of stay in hospital was 27.96 days (IQR
18.54 – 61.56). Clinical follow-up of our cohort of CDH-survivors identified the presence of
pulmonary sequelae. Chronic or fixed obstructive patterns and hyperinflation were the most
common findings, but a small subset presented with a restrictive disorder. The majority
experienced only mild impairment. None of the participants showed indirect signs of persistent
pulmonary hypertension. The overall reported quality of life in the cohort was good, but we noted
a trend towards higher quality of life scores in the older part of the cohort and identified a small
subset of participants “at risk of impaired quality of life”. Respiratory symptoms was associated
with lower quality of life. It was not within the objectives of this study, but other findings included
asymptomatic recurrence of the hernia, scoliosis and indications of other CDH-related morbidity,
such as GERD. Ordinary school/educational goals were achieved by 94.1% and more than 2/3 were
actively engaged in sports on a regular basis.Our cohort present with CDH-related morbidity and our findings support the need for a systematic
follow-up program in a multi-disciplinary setting. Fol based on an algorithm adjusted to the
distinct features of CDH physiology, stratification of severity and longitudinal observations.
Involvement of different specialties is essential, including pediatric surgeons, pediatrics -
cardiology, pulmonology and gastroenterology, dieticians, and orthopedics. We advocate
prolonged follow-up, as some features of CDH improve, others have the potential to deteriorate
with time and a transfer into an adult setting of follow-up is needed. A follow-up program must be
able to embrace the variation in clinical presentation, ensure detection and treatment of CDHrelated morbidity to prevent impact on quality of life, but also, to acknowledge and support that
most children/adolescences born with CDH regard themselves as healthy and living normal lives.
Prenatal care is rapidly improving and early diagnosis of CDH, within the timeframe of a possible
termination of the pregnancy, is feasible in the majority of cases. In Denmark, termination is
possible until GA 22 and obtained approval by the special abortion counsel. We believe our results
have contributed valuable information on outcome usable in counseling of couples with a
diagnosed CDH-fetus.
KW - Congenital diaphragmatic Hernia, Congenital Malformations, Long term outcome,
KW - Mortality
KW - Pediatrics
KW - Lung function
KW - Lung
KW - pulmonary hypertesion
KW - Quality of life
U2 - 10.21996/33ch-1188
DO - 10.21996/33ch-1188
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -