TY - GEN
T1 - Molecular Characterization of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia During Treatment
AU - Remisdóttir Veyhe, Sólja
PY - 2025/1/24
Y1 - 2025/1/24
N2 - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) leads to an increase in B cells due to abnormal B-cell receptor signaling, which results in resistance to cell death and increased cell proliferation. In Denmark, about 450-500 individuals are diagnosed with CLL each year. This type of cancer mostly affects elderly individuals, with the average age at diagnosis being 70-72 years. The prognosis for CLL is generally favorable, and in recent years, targeted therapies such as ibrutinib and venetoclax treatments have significantly improved outcomes for patients with CLL. Multiple studies have shown that complete remission in patients treated with ibrutinib is infrequent compared to patients treated with a combination of rituximab and venetoclax, who often experience undetectable measurable residual disease. However, the molecular alterations in residual cells during ibrutinib treatment are not yet fully understood.Manuscript I presents two patients with CLL who received ibrutinib monotherapy as their first-line treatment over a period of 16 months. Utilizing a multi-omic approach, including deep IGH sequencing, exome sequencing, bulk transcriptome sequencing, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing, we found that the patients retained stable populations of CLL cells after 16 months of treatment despite partial clinical response. Given that incomplete remission with ibrutinib does not correlate with adverse outcomes, we suggest that these molecular approaches could be valuable in monitoring disease progression.Manuscript II examines the clonality, molecular composition, and kinetics of B cells in two patient cohorts over a period of 3.2 years. By utilizing the same comprehensive approach as in manuscript I, we analyze data from 9 patients in ibrutinib treatment and 15 patients in R-venetoclax treatment. Both cohorts initially had high clonal cell populations prior to treatment initiation (median: 84.7%). In the ibrutinib-treated cohort, the clones remained stable over 3.2 years, with clonal cells ranging from 75% at 1.5 years to 88% at 3.2 years of total rearranged B cells. In contrast, patients treated with R-venetoclax exhibited significant reductions in clonal frequencies, with four out of 15 patients showing undetectable measurable residual disease. In patients treated with ibrutinib, sequencing of the coding genome revealed minimal genomic and transcriptomic changes, with somatic drivers and variant allele frequencies remaining above 0.2. However, single-cell sequencing revealed increased expression of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway, apoptotic signaling, cellular stress response, and cell cycle regulation, with NFKBIA being the most prominent member. Other noteworthy markers included PPP1R15A, IER5, TP53INP1, and BCL2L11. The gene expression changes were confirmed by bulk RNA sequencing. Overall, while several studies have shown lymphocytosis and remaining CLL cells in the blood after treatment with ibrutinib, our studies bring new insights into the molecular composition of the remaining CLL cells. Our findings emphasize ibrutinib’s role in preserving the high clonal burdens and stabilizing the genomic landscape of CLL cells. We propose that molecular monitoring of the CLL cells could enhance treatment strategies, particularly in high-risk patients, ibrutinib discontinuation, pausing, and dose reduction. Furthermore, we highlight genes involved in the NF-κB pathway as potential therapeutic targets and as an approach for monitoring CLL progression by tracking gene expression in longitudinal samples.
AB - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) leads to an increase in B cells due to abnormal B-cell receptor signaling, which results in resistance to cell death and increased cell proliferation. In Denmark, about 450-500 individuals are diagnosed with CLL each year. This type of cancer mostly affects elderly individuals, with the average age at diagnosis being 70-72 years. The prognosis for CLL is generally favorable, and in recent years, targeted therapies such as ibrutinib and venetoclax treatments have significantly improved outcomes for patients with CLL. Multiple studies have shown that complete remission in patients treated with ibrutinib is infrequent compared to patients treated with a combination of rituximab and venetoclax, who often experience undetectable measurable residual disease. However, the molecular alterations in residual cells during ibrutinib treatment are not yet fully understood.Manuscript I presents two patients with CLL who received ibrutinib monotherapy as their first-line treatment over a period of 16 months. Utilizing a multi-omic approach, including deep IGH sequencing, exome sequencing, bulk transcriptome sequencing, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing, we found that the patients retained stable populations of CLL cells after 16 months of treatment despite partial clinical response. Given that incomplete remission with ibrutinib does not correlate with adverse outcomes, we suggest that these molecular approaches could be valuable in monitoring disease progression.Manuscript II examines the clonality, molecular composition, and kinetics of B cells in two patient cohorts over a period of 3.2 years. By utilizing the same comprehensive approach as in manuscript I, we analyze data from 9 patients in ibrutinib treatment and 15 patients in R-venetoclax treatment. Both cohorts initially had high clonal cell populations prior to treatment initiation (median: 84.7%). In the ibrutinib-treated cohort, the clones remained stable over 3.2 years, with clonal cells ranging from 75% at 1.5 years to 88% at 3.2 years of total rearranged B cells. In contrast, patients treated with R-venetoclax exhibited significant reductions in clonal frequencies, with four out of 15 patients showing undetectable measurable residual disease. In patients treated with ibrutinib, sequencing of the coding genome revealed minimal genomic and transcriptomic changes, with somatic drivers and variant allele frequencies remaining above 0.2. However, single-cell sequencing revealed increased expression of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway, apoptotic signaling, cellular stress response, and cell cycle regulation, with NFKBIA being the most prominent member. Other noteworthy markers included PPP1R15A, IER5, TP53INP1, and BCL2L11. The gene expression changes were confirmed by bulk RNA sequencing. Overall, while several studies have shown lymphocytosis and remaining CLL cells in the blood after treatment with ibrutinib, our studies bring new insights into the molecular composition of the remaining CLL cells. Our findings emphasize ibrutinib’s role in preserving the high clonal burdens and stabilizing the genomic landscape of CLL cells. We propose that molecular monitoring of the CLL cells could enhance treatment strategies, particularly in high-risk patients, ibrutinib discontinuation, pausing, and dose reduction. Furthermore, we highlight genes involved in the NF-κB pathway as potential therapeutic targets and as an approach for monitoring CLL progression by tracking gene expression in longitudinal samples.
U2 - 10.21996/e7f2bacf-4b69-4067-8772-2cfeb97aee93
DO - 10.21996/e7f2bacf-4b69-4067-8772-2cfeb97aee93
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -