TY - GEN
T1 - Measuring performance in social enterprises
T2 - A study of situational factors affecting the use of performance measurement systems
AU - Nielsen, Janni Grouleff
PY - 2019/10
Y1 - 2019/10
N2 - Social enterprises as a form of hybrid organization have increasingly during the last decades gained attention from practitioners as well as researchers (Doherty et al., 2014; Pache and Santos, 2013; Tracey et al., 2011). These organizations emerge across the world in different sectors as a way to fund social work by generating income from sale of products and services on the commercial market (Battilana and Lee, 2014; Jay, 2013; Pache and Santos, 2013). Having a goal of both social and commercial performance makes it more complicated to measure performance in these organizations. Especially, finding measures for social performance that are compatible and not conflicting with measures for commercial performance challenges a development of performance measurement systems (PMSs) (Arvidson et al., 2013; Gibbon and Dey, 2011). This creates challenges for organizations because PMSs are used to provide information for decision-making and create legitimacy among stakeholders (Franco-Santos et al., 2012; Henri, 2006). It is therefore important to improve our understanding of PMSs in social enterprises to be able to move the field forward and help social enterprises to gain legitimacy and create a better foundation for decisionmaking through the use of PMSs. This leads to the following research question: What affects the process of measuring performance in social enterprises?This research question is answered though a qualitative longitudinal case study of a social enterprise located in Northern Europe that offers real estate rental on market conditions to fulfil a social mission of conserving heritage. The case organization faced an increasing demand for showing the social value it created, but faced challenges of finding measures that were compatible with the financial measures for the commercial performance, such as return on investment.The research question is concretized in three subquestions that are addressed through three papers.Paper 1 is a literature review focusing on the role of PMSs in social enterprises that face multiple logics. The paper finds that PMSs in social enterprises are mostly used for legitimacy and monitoring, whereas little is known about how social enterprises use PMSs to take decisions and focus attention. The paper also finds that the role of PMSs is affected by several factors, such as decision-makers’ influence, situation-specific interdependence, institutional factors and stakeholders’ interpretation of information. Finally, the paper shows that PMSs are often decoupled from decision-making because of problems of integrating social performance into the PMS. The paper shows that PMSs can have different roles, such as mediator, disrupter, and symbolizer.Paper 2 focuses on how multiple logics that are a core characteristic of social enterprises influence the practice of measuring performance. The existing literature often focuses on difficulties of measuring social value and integrating social and commercial performance as the main challenge for developing PMSs. The paper uses institutional logics as the lens, and findings are based on empirical data that come from a large number of interviews, observations and documents from the case organization. The paper finds that the dominant commercial logic affected the process of developing a PMS, because the management was only interested in financial measures to measure the social value, even if the measures did not fit with the perceived social value the organization produced. The paper finds that a strong culture in the organization deadlocked the organization in the conviction that only financial measures were appropriate.Paper 3 focuses on the case organization’s work with the SROI framework. The case organization was looking for measures that could be compared and integrated with the financial measures for the commercial performance. By using SROI they saw an opportunity for transforming social value to a monetized value to show that even though the ROI was lower than the ROI for commercial real estate, the organization also had a SROI that could show a higher aggregated value and by that a higher value creation. The management believed that it was possible to gain legitimacy across stakeholder groups if the financial value of social activities was reported. However, the organization realized that SROI was not appropriate for the type for social value they produced. Based on the empirical data, the paper discusses the usefulness of the SROI framework based on four concepts (comparability, subjectivity, legitimacy and resource utility).This thesis contributes to practice as well as to the literature in several ways. First, the findings show that PMSs in social enterprises have different roles that are affected by several factors. Factors can be divided into three categories; the context, the method used, and the purpose with developing PMSs. The thesis sheds light on the influence of multiple logics on the process of measuring performance and shows how a strong culture creates a consensus on which evaluation principles are seen as legitimate to use among employees in the organization. Second, the thesis discusses the usefulness of the SROI framework, which monetize social value, and concludes that organizations should not blindly adopt such a tool, but that it depends on the type of social value and what the purpose with the evaluation is. Finally, the overall conclusion of the thesis is that developing PMSs in social enterprises is different from selecting among a number of well-established, accepted indicators for financial performance. Developing PMSs in social enterprises starts with defining social value, concretizing how to transform the social mission to activities, defining the boundaries between what is social and commercial performance and prioritizing social and commercial performance. The process needs commitment from the top management as well as from important stakeholders. Finally, organizations need to accept that stakeholders are involved in the process of evaluating performance. It may require a different approach in social enterprises to measure performance than simple financial measures. Measures therefore need to be justified and discussed with stakeholders to gain acceptance. The thesis concludes that the context in which PMSs are developed and used is affecting the process of measuring performance. Finally, data show that there is no evidence that PMSs are a good mechanism for integrating logics.
AB - Social enterprises as a form of hybrid organization have increasingly during the last decades gained attention from practitioners as well as researchers (Doherty et al., 2014; Pache and Santos, 2013; Tracey et al., 2011). These organizations emerge across the world in different sectors as a way to fund social work by generating income from sale of products and services on the commercial market (Battilana and Lee, 2014; Jay, 2013; Pache and Santos, 2013). Having a goal of both social and commercial performance makes it more complicated to measure performance in these organizations. Especially, finding measures for social performance that are compatible and not conflicting with measures for commercial performance challenges a development of performance measurement systems (PMSs) (Arvidson et al., 2013; Gibbon and Dey, 2011). This creates challenges for organizations because PMSs are used to provide information for decision-making and create legitimacy among stakeholders (Franco-Santos et al., 2012; Henri, 2006). It is therefore important to improve our understanding of PMSs in social enterprises to be able to move the field forward and help social enterprises to gain legitimacy and create a better foundation for decisionmaking through the use of PMSs. This leads to the following research question: What affects the process of measuring performance in social enterprises?This research question is answered though a qualitative longitudinal case study of a social enterprise located in Northern Europe that offers real estate rental on market conditions to fulfil a social mission of conserving heritage. The case organization faced an increasing demand for showing the social value it created, but faced challenges of finding measures that were compatible with the financial measures for the commercial performance, such as return on investment.The research question is concretized in three subquestions that are addressed through three papers.Paper 1 is a literature review focusing on the role of PMSs in social enterprises that face multiple logics. The paper finds that PMSs in social enterprises are mostly used for legitimacy and monitoring, whereas little is known about how social enterprises use PMSs to take decisions and focus attention. The paper also finds that the role of PMSs is affected by several factors, such as decision-makers’ influence, situation-specific interdependence, institutional factors and stakeholders’ interpretation of information. Finally, the paper shows that PMSs are often decoupled from decision-making because of problems of integrating social performance into the PMS. The paper shows that PMSs can have different roles, such as mediator, disrupter, and symbolizer.Paper 2 focuses on how multiple logics that are a core characteristic of social enterprises influence the practice of measuring performance. The existing literature often focuses on difficulties of measuring social value and integrating social and commercial performance as the main challenge for developing PMSs. The paper uses institutional logics as the lens, and findings are based on empirical data that come from a large number of interviews, observations and documents from the case organization. The paper finds that the dominant commercial logic affected the process of developing a PMS, because the management was only interested in financial measures to measure the social value, even if the measures did not fit with the perceived social value the organization produced. The paper finds that a strong culture in the organization deadlocked the organization in the conviction that only financial measures were appropriate.Paper 3 focuses on the case organization’s work with the SROI framework. The case organization was looking for measures that could be compared and integrated with the financial measures for the commercial performance. By using SROI they saw an opportunity for transforming social value to a monetized value to show that even though the ROI was lower than the ROI for commercial real estate, the organization also had a SROI that could show a higher aggregated value and by that a higher value creation. The management believed that it was possible to gain legitimacy across stakeholder groups if the financial value of social activities was reported. However, the organization realized that SROI was not appropriate for the type for social value they produced. Based on the empirical data, the paper discusses the usefulness of the SROI framework based on four concepts (comparability, subjectivity, legitimacy and resource utility).This thesis contributes to practice as well as to the literature in several ways. First, the findings show that PMSs in social enterprises have different roles that are affected by several factors. Factors can be divided into three categories; the context, the method used, and the purpose with developing PMSs. The thesis sheds light on the influence of multiple logics on the process of measuring performance and shows how a strong culture creates a consensus on which evaluation principles are seen as legitimate to use among employees in the organization. Second, the thesis discusses the usefulness of the SROI framework, which monetize social value, and concludes that organizations should not blindly adopt such a tool, but that it depends on the type of social value and what the purpose with the evaluation is. Finally, the overall conclusion of the thesis is that developing PMSs in social enterprises is different from selecting among a number of well-established, accepted indicators for financial performance. Developing PMSs in social enterprises starts with defining social value, concretizing how to transform the social mission to activities, defining the boundaries between what is social and commercial performance and prioritizing social and commercial performance. The process needs commitment from the top management as well as from important stakeholders. Finally, organizations need to accept that stakeholders are involved in the process of evaluating performance. It may require a different approach in social enterprises to measure performance than simple financial measures. Measures therefore need to be justified and discussed with stakeholders to gain acceptance. The thesis concludes that the context in which PMSs are developed and used is affecting the process of measuring performance. Finally, data show that there is no evidence that PMSs are a good mechanism for integrating logics.
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Samfundsvidenskabelige Fakultet
CY - Odense
ER -