Long-term Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Coronary Calcium Score in Men: Insights from the DANCAVAS Study

Aims: This study assessed the relationship between air pollution exposure, fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM _2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO ₂), and coronary calcium score (CCS) in a cohort of 60–75-year-old men from the Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trials (DANCAVAS). Methods and results: A total of 12 301 participants were included. Residential and novel workplace address spanning up to 40 years was geocoded. Air pollution exposure was modelled using the Danish Eulerian Hemisphere model (DEHM)/Urban Background Model (UBM)/AirGIS system. Median PM _2.5 exposure was 13.7 µg/m ³ (interquartile range [IQR]: 13.2–14.1). The median NO ₂ exposure was 16.3 µg/m ³ (IQR: 14.7–18.4). The median CCS was 99 (IQR: 8–410). The primary outcome was CCS ≥ 100, secondary outcomes included CCS ≥ 400 and ordinal-scaled CCS (0, 1–99, 100–399, 400–999, and >999). Binary logistic regression analyses revealed no significant associations; however, generalized ordinal logistic regression analysis of CCS indicated that PM _2.5 exposure was associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) presence (CCS = 0 vs. CCS ≥ 1) with an adjusted odds ratio = 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.18) per 1 µg/m ³ increase in PM _2.5. No associations were observed for higher CAC categories. The findings for NO ₂ were non-significant. Addition of workplace exposure showed only moderate changes in effect estimates. Conclusion: Exposure to PM _2.5 was modestly associated with the presence of CAC, particularly when combining residential and workplace exposures. No consistent associations were observed with NO ₂ or advanced stages of calcification. Findings suggest that long-term ambient PM _2.5 exposure may contribute to early subclinical atherosclerotic changes; however, modest effect sizes and lack of association with CAC severity call for cautious interpretation.