TY - GEN
T1 - Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human
neurons to model autoimmune encephalitis
AU - Ryding, Matias Adonis Jul
PY - 2024/5/7
Y1 - 2024/5/7
N2 - Autoantibodies targeting proteins expressed on the cell surface of neurons can induce a group
of diseases called autoimmune encephalitides, or more specifically, neuronal surface antibodymediated diseases (NSab-mediated diseases). These diseases vary in symptoms, outcome, and
disease mechanisms based on which protein the antibodies target. Symptoms may be
psychiatric, cognitive, or movement-related, and in severe cases, the autoantibodies can cause
epileptic seizures and coma. Although patients of most subtypes generally recover well
physically, long-term cognitive sequelae are common. Treatment strategies function by
removing autoantibodies and stopping autoantibody production, but do not affect potential
detrimental effects induced by autoantibodies on neurons. Autoantibodies against more than
20 different targets have been described to cause NSab-mediated disease, but the effects of
autoantibody binding have only been studied in detail for a few types. An incomplete
understanding of disease mechanisms halts the development of novel treatments.This thesis aimed to map what is known about the molecular and cellular effects of
autoantibody binding. We further aimed to evaluate the experimental evidence of pathogenicity
for each type of autoantibody. We found no published evidence of four out of 21 described
types of NSab-mediated disease-causative autoantibodies. For eight of the remaining 17 types,
an independent research group had not verified the described pathophysiological effects of
autoantibodies. For nine types of NSab-mediated disease-inducing autoantibodies, more than
one independent research group had published comparable pathogenic effects, fulfilling our
criteria for the highest class of experimental evidence of pathogenicity.A further aim was to investigate the mechanisms of a type of NSab-mediated disease
termed IgLON5 disease. Patients harbour antibodies against the cell adhesion molecule
IgLON5 in this disease, and the outcome is particularly poor. Deposits of hyperphosphorylated
Tau (pTau) have been found in the brains of these patients. We aimed to ascertain if the
IgLON5 autoantibodies were causative for pTau accumulation and how IgLON5
autoantibodies affect neurons. Using a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model, we
found that exposure to IgLON5 autoantibodies caused synaptic disruption, pTau accumulation,
and increased cell death in a temporal manner. We studied the intracellular alterations caused
by IgLON5 autoantibodies using large-scale mass spectrometry in combination with our stem
cell model system. We found that exposure to IgLON5 autoantibodies for one day induced
regulation of 111 proteins, including many proteasome subunits and mitochondrial proteins in
hiPSC-derived neural cultures. From our results, we inferred that Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß
(GSK-3ß) could be a central mediator of disease mechanisms. GSK-3ß phosphorylates Tau
and, therefore, is a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention. By inhibiting GSK-3ß, we
were able to prevent pTau accumulation and increased cell death in hiPSC-derived neural
cultures exposed to IgLON5 autoantibodies.Our results have cemented that our knowledge of NSab-mediated disease mechanisms
is limited. Using IgLON5 autoantibodies, we have demonstrated that hiPSC model systems
and large-scale proteomic analyses can contribute to our understanding of the disease pathways
and mechanisms of NSab-mediated diseases.
AB - Autoantibodies targeting proteins expressed on the cell surface of neurons can induce a group
of diseases called autoimmune encephalitides, or more specifically, neuronal surface antibodymediated diseases (NSab-mediated diseases). These diseases vary in symptoms, outcome, and
disease mechanisms based on which protein the antibodies target. Symptoms may be
psychiatric, cognitive, or movement-related, and in severe cases, the autoantibodies can cause
epileptic seizures and coma. Although patients of most subtypes generally recover well
physically, long-term cognitive sequelae are common. Treatment strategies function by
removing autoantibodies and stopping autoantibody production, but do not affect potential
detrimental effects induced by autoantibodies on neurons. Autoantibodies against more than
20 different targets have been described to cause NSab-mediated disease, but the effects of
autoantibody binding have only been studied in detail for a few types. An incomplete
understanding of disease mechanisms halts the development of novel treatments.This thesis aimed to map what is known about the molecular and cellular effects of
autoantibody binding. We further aimed to evaluate the experimental evidence of pathogenicity
for each type of autoantibody. We found no published evidence of four out of 21 described
types of NSab-mediated disease-causative autoantibodies. For eight of the remaining 17 types,
an independent research group had not verified the described pathophysiological effects of
autoantibodies. For nine types of NSab-mediated disease-inducing autoantibodies, more than
one independent research group had published comparable pathogenic effects, fulfilling our
criteria for the highest class of experimental evidence of pathogenicity.A further aim was to investigate the mechanisms of a type of NSab-mediated disease
termed IgLON5 disease. Patients harbour antibodies against the cell adhesion molecule
IgLON5 in this disease, and the outcome is particularly poor. Deposits of hyperphosphorylated
Tau (pTau) have been found in the brains of these patients. We aimed to ascertain if the
IgLON5 autoantibodies were causative for pTau accumulation and how IgLON5
autoantibodies affect neurons. Using a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model, we
found that exposure to IgLON5 autoantibodies caused synaptic disruption, pTau accumulation,
and increased cell death in a temporal manner. We studied the intracellular alterations caused
by IgLON5 autoantibodies using large-scale mass spectrometry in combination with our stem
cell model system. We found that exposure to IgLON5 autoantibodies for one day induced
regulation of 111 proteins, including many proteasome subunits and mitochondrial proteins in
hiPSC-derived neural cultures. From our results, we inferred that Glycogen synthase kinase 3ß
(GSK-3ß) could be a central mediator of disease mechanisms. GSK-3ß phosphorylates Tau
and, therefore, is a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention. By inhibiting GSK-3ß, we
were able to prevent pTau accumulation and increased cell death in hiPSC-derived neural
cultures exposed to IgLON5 autoantibodies.Our results have cemented that our knowledge of NSab-mediated disease mechanisms
is limited. Using IgLON5 autoantibodies, we have demonstrated that hiPSC model systems
and large-scale proteomic analyses can contribute to our understanding of the disease pathways
and mechanisms of NSab-mediated diseases.
U2 - 10.21996/zc32-ea84
DO - 10.21996/zc32-ea84
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -