Individual consequences of being exposed to workplace bullying

The chapter provides a comprehensive review of research on individual outcomes of workplace bullying relating to psychological distress reactions, physiological stress reactions, physical health problems and social- and socio-economic consequences. Building on early cross-sectional studies, later longitudinal and meta-analytical studies suggest that individuals reporting exposure to bullying or systematic negative acts at work, have an increased risk of developing depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation as well as physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, targets are more likely to report sickness absence, presenteeism, intention to leave and to retire early. Four theoretical frameworks, i.e. Transactional stress theory, schema theory, the Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress and the Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism, are presented to inform an increased understanding of the link between workplace bullying and the presented psychological, physical and social outcomes.