TY - GEN
T1 - Impact of Molecular Heterogeneity in B cell Malignancies
AU - Valentin Hansen, Simone
PY - 2021/10/27
Y1 - 2021/10/27
N2 - Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell malignancy subtype, characterized by the expansion of mature B cells spreading in lymph nodes and extra-nodal sites, including bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). MCL has a high molecular variation with heterogeneous presentation and outcome. This heterogeneity constitutes a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the impact of the molecular heterogeneity, including the molecular pathogenesis, may further assist the interpretation of the clinical diversity of this disease and improve treatment strategies. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of molecular heterogeneity in MCL. Manuscript I aimed to investigate a potential clinical and biological role of LILRA4, which we previously found to be overexpressed in PB in half of the MCL patients compared to healthy individuals. In manuscript I, the MCL cohort was expanded to include both PB and BM, and LILRA4 expression was correlated with clinical information. Furthermore, the biological role of LILRA4 was investigated by knockdown of LILRA4 in an MCL cell line, which was then analyzed by mRNA transcriptome sequencing. Confirming the previous observations, LILRA4 was overexpressed in PB in half of the cases displaying a bimodal expression pattern. Additionally, LILRA4 expression wassignificantly higher in PB than BM, suggesting a tissue-specific expression. No clear association was found between LILRA4 expression and clinical parameters, such as MIPI score, Ki67, or outcome. LILRA4 inhibition, by gene knockdown, resulted in >two-fold downregulation of MIF, a proinflammatory cytokine. This observation suggested a possible role of LILRA4 in MCL pathogenesis through interaction with immune regulatory components. In manuscript II, the transcriptome of CD19+ BM cells from eight MCL patients was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing to provide insight into the molecular architecture of MCL with focus on commonly used molecular pathology markers. A striking heterogeneity was observed across patients, while no clear evidence of subclonality was observed within the patients. Although restricted light chain protein expression was expected, 10.8% of the SOX11+ malignant cells expressed both ț and Ȝtranscripts. Additionally, a fraction of SOX11+ cells in two patients were positive for the early lymphocyte transcription factor SOX4. In a blastoid patient, SOX4 and SOX11 were co-expressed with the precursor lymphoblastic marker, FAT1, suggesting a potential prognostic role. Altogether, the expression of markers associated with various B cell differentiation stages, such as SOX4, IgG, IgA, and CD27, in the MCL cells may suggest that not all malignant cells are fixed in the differentiation state of naïve mature B cells, and that the patients carry B cells of different stages. Manuscript III is a thematic literature review that was conducted to investigate the current evidence of an immature bone marrow disorder preceding or underlying MCL. It was inspired by the findings of immature markers (SOX4, FAT1) in a subset of MCL cells in manuscript II. Evidence supporting a more immature capacity included reports of concurrent malignancies with myeloid and lymphoid origin in the same patient, and two studies demonstrated a loss of mutations and a chromosomal deletion in MCL patients between diagnosis and relapse. Additionally, the phenotype of blastoid MCL with lymphoblastic morphology and CD10 expression suggested a degree of immaturity. Theevidence supporting an immature capacity of MCL is diffusely disseminated throughout the current literature; however, several questions remain unanswered. Collectively, these manuscripts provided knowledge about the molecular heterogeneity that may have an impact on the biology and molecular pathogenesis of MCL, although further investigation is needed to establish this.
AB - Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B cell malignancy subtype, characterized by the expansion of mature B cells spreading in lymph nodes and extra-nodal sites, including bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB). MCL has a high molecular variation with heterogeneous presentation and outcome. This heterogeneity constitutes a therapeutic challenge. A better understanding of the impact of the molecular heterogeneity, including the molecular pathogenesis, may further assist the interpretation of the clinical diversity of this disease and improve treatment strategies. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of molecular heterogeneity in MCL. Manuscript I aimed to investigate a potential clinical and biological role of LILRA4, which we previously found to be overexpressed in PB in half of the MCL patients compared to healthy individuals. In manuscript I, the MCL cohort was expanded to include both PB and BM, and LILRA4 expression was correlated with clinical information. Furthermore, the biological role of LILRA4 was investigated by knockdown of LILRA4 in an MCL cell line, which was then analyzed by mRNA transcriptome sequencing. Confirming the previous observations, LILRA4 was overexpressed in PB in half of the cases displaying a bimodal expression pattern. Additionally, LILRA4 expression wassignificantly higher in PB than BM, suggesting a tissue-specific expression. No clear association was found between LILRA4 expression and clinical parameters, such as MIPI score, Ki67, or outcome. LILRA4 inhibition, by gene knockdown, resulted in >two-fold downregulation of MIF, a proinflammatory cytokine. This observation suggested a possible role of LILRA4 in MCL pathogenesis through interaction with immune regulatory components. In manuscript II, the transcriptome of CD19+ BM cells from eight MCL patients was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing to provide insight into the molecular architecture of MCL with focus on commonly used molecular pathology markers. A striking heterogeneity was observed across patients, while no clear evidence of subclonality was observed within the patients. Although restricted light chain protein expression was expected, 10.8% of the SOX11+ malignant cells expressed both ț and Ȝtranscripts. Additionally, a fraction of SOX11+ cells in two patients were positive for the early lymphocyte transcription factor SOX4. In a blastoid patient, SOX4 and SOX11 were co-expressed with the precursor lymphoblastic marker, FAT1, suggesting a potential prognostic role. Altogether, the expression of markers associated with various B cell differentiation stages, such as SOX4, IgG, IgA, and CD27, in the MCL cells may suggest that not all malignant cells are fixed in the differentiation state of naïve mature B cells, and that the patients carry B cells of different stages. Manuscript III is a thematic literature review that was conducted to investigate the current evidence of an immature bone marrow disorder preceding or underlying MCL. It was inspired by the findings of immature markers (SOX4, FAT1) in a subset of MCL cells in manuscript II. Evidence supporting a more immature capacity included reports of concurrent malignancies with myeloid and lymphoid origin in the same patient, and two studies demonstrated a loss of mutations and a chromosomal deletion in MCL patients between diagnosis and relapse. Additionally, the phenotype of blastoid MCL with lymphoblastic morphology and CD10 expression suggested a degree of immaturity. Theevidence supporting an immature capacity of MCL is diffusely disseminated throughout the current literature; however, several questions remain unanswered. Collectively, these manuscripts provided knowledge about the molecular heterogeneity that may have an impact on the biology and molecular pathogenesis of MCL, although further investigation is needed to establish this.
U2 - 10.21996/s8wm-br61
DO - 10.21996/s8wm-br61
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -