TY - GEN
T1 - Immunometabolic mechanisms in the arterial wall: new targets to combat vascular diseases
AU - Nielsen, Silke Griepke Dam
PY - 2023/6/19
Y1 - 2023/6/19
N2 - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of mortality and disability
worldwide, are largely caused by manifestations of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease involving maladaptive immune responses and the formation
of plaques in the artery wall. Having atherosclerosis is an independent risk factor
of the common CVD abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); a disease characterized
by the dilatation of the abdominal aorta driven by strong inflammatory reactions
and an abnormal vascular remodeling process. Both AAA and atherosclerosis
have been linked to local metabolic alterations in the arterial wall, including increased glycolysis and diminished mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, this
metabolic pattern coincides with the intracellular metabolism commonly found
during activation and differentiation of proinflammatory immune cells, which have
been proposed to drive chronic inflammation in AAA and atherosclerosis. In the
present thesis, it was hypothesized that a better understanding of immunometabolic reactions commonly involved in AAA and atherosclerosis can reveal novel
diagnostic and therapeutic targets to combat these deadly CVDs. The thesis
aimed at advancing our knowledge of the pathophysiological role of the PDK/PDH
axis and succinate signaling in driving or increasing the risk of vascular diseases.In Study I, we investigated the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
(PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) axis in AAA disease. First, we found increased levels of phosphorylated PDH-Ser293 and lactate in human AAA tissues
suggesting that the PDK/PDH axis is involved in the rewiring of cellular metabolism during disease development. Next, we tested whether preventing a skewed
PDK/PDH axis could circumvent the deleterious metabolic reprogramming in
AAA. Using dichloroacetate (DCA), a pan-inhibitor of PDK isoenzymes, in the
PPE-induced AAA model, AAA expansion was reduced. Combined transcriptome, proteome, and histological analyses of mouse AAA tissues and in vitro experiments with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) indicated that the
PDK/PDH axis is a key regulator of vascular responses in AAA, influencing inflammation and VSMC dedifferentiation. These findings highlight immunometabolic reprogramming, through PDK inhibition, as a promising therapeutic strategy
to combat AAA disease.In Study II, we investigated the biomarker potential of the metabolite succinate,
which has been implicated in different inflammatory processes, in AAA using
plasma samples from men with AAA and matched controls from the VIVA screening trial. Our analysis showed significantly higher succinate levels in AAA individuals compared to controls. However, succinate showed no predictive power towards future clinical complications of AAA disease, including first-year growth
rate, need for surgical repair or risk of death. Nevertheless, analysis of a relevant
public transcriptome AAA dataset showed that diseased tissue presents an increased expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)-shunt pathway and decreased expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) isoenzymes, indicating a mechanism of succinate accumulation locally
in AAA. Corroborating the previous results, we showed that succinate levels are
increased in AAA tissue homogenates, and that dedifferentiation of human
VSCMs in culture downregulates SDH isoenzymes genes and promotes succinate accumulation in vitro. Altogether, our findings suggest that accumulation of
succinate in AAA could be the result of the metabolic reprograming of VMSCs in
the aortic wall, potentially playing a role in deleterious vascular remodelling mechanisms.In Study III, we explored the role of GPR91, which transduces cell signalling upon
succinate ligation, in atherosclerosis. Using GPR91 KO (Gpr91-/-) mice and
wildtype (WT) littermates, made hyperlipidaemic with the injection of murine recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing a gain-of-function mutated Pcsk9
and western diet feeding, we showed that the global ablation of GPR91-mediated
signalling did not influence plaque burden compared to WTs. In line with this,
assessment of plaque cell composition and inflammatory status showed no major
differences in the infiltration of immune cells and the expression of pro- and antiinflammatory markers, as well as the content of αSMA. Surprisingly, expression
of the macrophage and M1-like markers, Cd68 and Cxcl10, respectively, were
increased in spleens of Gpr91-/- mice compared to WT littermates, suggesting
GPR91-mediated peripheral inflammatory responses may differ from those in the
aorta.
AB - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of mortality and disability
worldwide, are largely caused by manifestations of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease involving maladaptive immune responses and the formation
of plaques in the artery wall. Having atherosclerosis is an independent risk factor
of the common CVD abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA); a disease characterized
by the dilatation of the abdominal aorta driven by strong inflammatory reactions
and an abnormal vascular remodeling process. Both AAA and atherosclerosis
have been linked to local metabolic alterations in the arterial wall, including increased glycolysis and diminished mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, this
metabolic pattern coincides with the intracellular metabolism commonly found
during activation and differentiation of proinflammatory immune cells, which have
been proposed to drive chronic inflammation in AAA and atherosclerosis. In the
present thesis, it was hypothesized that a better understanding of immunometabolic reactions commonly involved in AAA and atherosclerosis can reveal novel
diagnostic and therapeutic targets to combat these deadly CVDs. The thesis
aimed at advancing our knowledge of the pathophysiological role of the PDK/PDH
axis and succinate signaling in driving or increasing the risk of vascular diseases.In Study I, we investigated the role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
(PDK)/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) axis in AAA disease. First, we found increased levels of phosphorylated PDH-Ser293 and lactate in human AAA tissues
suggesting that the PDK/PDH axis is involved in the rewiring of cellular metabolism during disease development. Next, we tested whether preventing a skewed
PDK/PDH axis could circumvent the deleterious metabolic reprogramming in
AAA. Using dichloroacetate (DCA), a pan-inhibitor of PDK isoenzymes, in the
PPE-induced AAA model, AAA expansion was reduced. Combined transcriptome, proteome, and histological analyses of mouse AAA tissues and in vitro experiments with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) indicated that the
PDK/PDH axis is a key regulator of vascular responses in AAA, influencing inflammation and VSMC dedifferentiation. These findings highlight immunometabolic reprogramming, through PDK inhibition, as a promising therapeutic strategy
to combat AAA disease.In Study II, we investigated the biomarker potential of the metabolite succinate,
which has been implicated in different inflammatory processes, in AAA using
plasma samples from men with AAA and matched controls from the VIVA screening trial. Our analysis showed significantly higher succinate levels in AAA individuals compared to controls. However, succinate showed no predictive power towards future clinical complications of AAA disease, including first-year growth
rate, need for surgical repair or risk of death. Nevertheless, analysis of a relevant
public transcriptome AAA dataset showed that diseased tissue presents an increased expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)-shunt pathway and decreased expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) isoenzymes, indicating a mechanism of succinate accumulation locally
in AAA. Corroborating the previous results, we showed that succinate levels are
increased in AAA tissue homogenates, and that dedifferentiation of human
VSCMs in culture downregulates SDH isoenzymes genes and promotes succinate accumulation in vitro. Altogether, our findings suggest that accumulation of
succinate in AAA could be the result of the metabolic reprograming of VMSCs in
the aortic wall, potentially playing a role in deleterious vascular remodelling mechanisms.In Study III, we explored the role of GPR91, which transduces cell signalling upon
succinate ligation, in atherosclerosis. Using GPR91 KO (Gpr91-/-) mice and
wildtype (WT) littermates, made hyperlipidaemic with the injection of murine recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing a gain-of-function mutated Pcsk9
and western diet feeding, we showed that the global ablation of GPR91-mediated
signalling did not influence plaque burden compared to WTs. In line with this,
assessment of plaque cell composition and inflammatory status showed no major
differences in the infiltration of immune cells and the expression of pro- and antiinflammatory markers, as well as the content of αSMA. Surprisingly, expression
of the macrophage and M1-like markers, Cd68 and Cxcl10, respectively, were
increased in spleens of Gpr91-/- mice compared to WT littermates, suggesting
GPR91-mediated peripheral inflammatory responses may differ from those in the
aorta.
U2 - 10.21996/s85k-mc93
DO - 10.21996/s85k-mc93
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -