TY - GEN
T1 - "I think the distinction easier to feel than to formulate." Defining the Child Ballad in the Digital Age
AU - Duggan, Lucie
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - The ballad collection of Francis James Child – published in the second half of the nineteenth century as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads – has had major and lasting implications for how the ballad has been understood in subsequent ballad scholarship. My study of the Child collection considers the literary historical factors that influenced its production. In this dissertation, I trace the emergence of certain key thoughts in the history of ballad scholarship, examining how notions of medium and gender were embedded in the scholarly practices of ballad collecting and editing during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Ballad collectors typically identified two distinct ballad traditions: printed broadside ballads and oral traditional (or “popular”) ballads. In his compilation of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Child privileged the latter as aesthetically superior to the former, establishing a ballad hierarchy that continues to define scholarship in the field today. Furthermore, Child and his contemporaries identified printed and oral songs as belonging to distinct gender spheres, particularly in the case of oral tradition, which became closely associated with women’s voices. However, the distinctions that have come to define the academic study of ballads have never been effectively measured. Indeed, Child was notoriously evasive in his definition of what he meant a “genuine” ballad to be; as he admitted in his correspondence with the Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig, “I think the distinction is easier to feel than to formulate”.In this dissertation, I propose a new approach to the question of ballad difference that underpins Child’s monumental collection, using the quantitative methods of the recent digital turn in the humanities. As part of the work carried out for this dissertation, I have constructed a digital dataset of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. I study this dataset to examine more closely two separate but related strands that can be identified within the corpus: medium and gender. I examine the collection quantitatively in an attempt to determine whether a computational approach to literary texts can provide new insights into questions that have long vexed the study of ballads: What is the difference between a broadside ballad and a traditional ballad? How do the repertoires of men and women differ, if at all?The dissertation unfolds across four chapters. Chapter one presents an overview of the history and development of ballad collecting that led up to Child’s work in the second half of the nineteenth century. I examine the academic tradition of ballad collecting that stretches back to the printed broadside collections of the seventeenth century, finding a tradition that was profoundly bibliocentric in nature, where the oral “popular” ballad wasconceptualised via the medium of the ballad book. I examine the place of Child and his collection within this scholarly tradition.Chapter two considers the question of gender, as I examine how women came to be associated with oral song traditions in the ballad discourse of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I delineate the ways in which the scholarly focus on women as the preservers of oral tradition obscured certain realities of women’s engagement with other ballad traditions, namely that of the commercial broadside trade. Turning to the Child corpus, I discuss the contribution of its female sources, in particular that of Anna Gordon, or Mrs Brown of Falkland, whose ballads are considered paradigmatic of a “woman’s tradition” in balladry. I then consider how a ballad narrative might be seen to acquire a shift in the gendered perspective as it modulates across media; I examine the much-loved Child ballad of “Bonny Barbara Allan” as an example.However, I conclude that this method of qualifying difference is insufficient in its breadth, and what we infer from a small sample size of ballads cannot alone be used to justify a claim for difference between broadside and traditional ballads, on one hand, and men and women’s songs, on the other.In chapter three, I present a quantitative approach to the Child corpus, delineating my methodology and presenting my findings in response to my research questions. Ultimately, I find that medium and gender matter in the makeup of the Child collection; the type of ballad content that gets delivered depends upon them in ways that have not previously been identified. I find that there are consistent patterns of lexical difference that distinguish the broadside ballads and the traditional ballads in the Child collection. Traditional ballads, I find, are characterised by a clear focus on female-oriented language that is not found in broadside ballads.Furthermore, I find that the relationship between women’s and men’s songs is characterised by patterns of difference. My results suggest, however, that the notion of a “woman’s tradition” goes beyond stereotypical notions of repertoires gendered by genre; women’s ballads, I find, are characterised by distinctive linguistic patterns that convey a strong focus on female experience.Chapter four presents an evaluation of, and a reflection on, the scientific potential of the digital methodology I have pursued in my dissertation. Though digital methods are frequently considered to represent a rupture with past modes of humanistic scholarship, I reflect on how my own computer-mediated approach finds echoes of the path trudged by earlier ballad scholars who sought to categorise, organise, and demarcate their objects of study. I contemplate my own efforts to build a ballad collection digitally – following in Child’s footsteps.This dissertation offers a sustained meditation on what it means to study ballads in the digital age. It is consistently invested in identifying intersections between older antiquarian approaches to ballads and new digital methods; these intersections suggest less a break or rupture with the past than a continuity between past and present.
AB - The ballad collection of Francis James Child – published in the second half of the nineteenth century as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads – has had major and lasting implications for how the ballad has been understood in subsequent ballad scholarship. My study of the Child collection considers the literary historical factors that influenced its production. In this dissertation, I trace the emergence of certain key thoughts in the history of ballad scholarship, examining how notions of medium and gender were embedded in the scholarly practices of ballad collecting and editing during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Ballad collectors typically identified two distinct ballad traditions: printed broadside ballads and oral traditional (or “popular”) ballads. In his compilation of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Child privileged the latter as aesthetically superior to the former, establishing a ballad hierarchy that continues to define scholarship in the field today. Furthermore, Child and his contemporaries identified printed and oral songs as belonging to distinct gender spheres, particularly in the case of oral tradition, which became closely associated with women’s voices. However, the distinctions that have come to define the academic study of ballads have never been effectively measured. Indeed, Child was notoriously evasive in his definition of what he meant a “genuine” ballad to be; as he admitted in his correspondence with the Danish folklorist Svend Grundtvig, “I think the distinction is easier to feel than to formulate”.In this dissertation, I propose a new approach to the question of ballad difference that underpins Child’s monumental collection, using the quantitative methods of the recent digital turn in the humanities. As part of the work carried out for this dissertation, I have constructed a digital dataset of The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. I study this dataset to examine more closely two separate but related strands that can be identified within the corpus: medium and gender. I examine the collection quantitatively in an attempt to determine whether a computational approach to literary texts can provide new insights into questions that have long vexed the study of ballads: What is the difference between a broadside ballad and a traditional ballad? How do the repertoires of men and women differ, if at all?The dissertation unfolds across four chapters. Chapter one presents an overview of the history and development of ballad collecting that led up to Child’s work in the second half of the nineteenth century. I examine the academic tradition of ballad collecting that stretches back to the printed broadside collections of the seventeenth century, finding a tradition that was profoundly bibliocentric in nature, where the oral “popular” ballad wasconceptualised via the medium of the ballad book. I examine the place of Child and his collection within this scholarly tradition.Chapter two considers the question of gender, as I examine how women came to be associated with oral song traditions in the ballad discourse of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I delineate the ways in which the scholarly focus on women as the preservers of oral tradition obscured certain realities of women’s engagement with other ballad traditions, namely that of the commercial broadside trade. Turning to the Child corpus, I discuss the contribution of its female sources, in particular that of Anna Gordon, or Mrs Brown of Falkland, whose ballads are considered paradigmatic of a “woman’s tradition” in balladry. I then consider how a ballad narrative might be seen to acquire a shift in the gendered perspective as it modulates across media; I examine the much-loved Child ballad of “Bonny Barbara Allan” as an example.However, I conclude that this method of qualifying difference is insufficient in its breadth, and what we infer from a small sample size of ballads cannot alone be used to justify a claim for difference between broadside and traditional ballads, on one hand, and men and women’s songs, on the other.In chapter three, I present a quantitative approach to the Child corpus, delineating my methodology and presenting my findings in response to my research questions. Ultimately, I find that medium and gender matter in the makeup of the Child collection; the type of ballad content that gets delivered depends upon them in ways that have not previously been identified. I find that there are consistent patterns of lexical difference that distinguish the broadside ballads and the traditional ballads in the Child collection. Traditional ballads, I find, are characterised by a clear focus on female-oriented language that is not found in broadside ballads.Furthermore, I find that the relationship between women’s and men’s songs is characterised by patterns of difference. My results suggest, however, that the notion of a “woman’s tradition” goes beyond stereotypical notions of repertoires gendered by genre; women’s ballads, I find, are characterised by distinctive linguistic patterns that convey a strong focus on female experience.Chapter four presents an evaluation of, and a reflection on, the scientific potential of the digital methodology I have pursued in my dissertation. Though digital methods are frequently considered to represent a rupture with past modes of humanistic scholarship, I reflect on how my own computer-mediated approach finds echoes of the path trudged by earlier ballad scholars who sought to categorise, organise, and demarcate their objects of study. I contemplate my own efforts to build a ballad collection digitally – following in Child’s footsteps.This dissertation offers a sustained meditation on what it means to study ballads in the digital age. It is consistently invested in identifying intersections between older antiquarian approaches to ballads and new digital methods; these intersections suggest less a break or rupture with the past than a continuity between past and present.
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Humanistiske Fakultet
CY - Odense
ER -