TY - GEN
T1 - Everyday Practices of Primary Healthcare
T2 - A Consumer Perspective on Tactics and Empowerment
AU - Schneider-Kamp, Anna
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Driven by a need for optimising resource allocation in public health, nation states in Northern Europe areincreasingly viewing healthcare as a market, with health professionals in the role of service providers andpatients in the role of consumers. Health policies aimed at involving and empowering patients as well asbroader societal trends such as consumerism and the proliferation of information and communicationtechnologies into everyday life are assigning a more active role to patients. These joint developments areresulting in a significant redistribution of medical responsibility, one that poses opportunities and challengesto healthcare systems.This study adopts the view of patients as consumers to explore the everyday practices of primary healthcarebeyond the institutionalised and well-studied consultations with general practitioners, paving novel ways tounderstand the role of consumerism in healthcare and patient empowerment as well as initiating a discussionof the positive and negative consequences of considering patients as consumers. The qualitative dataunderlying this thesis was collected through anthropological methods from a total of 44 key informants in thecontext of the tax-financed egalitarian Danish healthcare system in the years 2012–2017.The findings suggest that individuals’ everyday practices of primary healthcare outside of institutionalisedsettings are governed by at least four different tactics, two of which are based on consumerism and providefertile grounds for empowerment. Practices of medicine and medical services consumption seem to be atleast as much explained by logics based on consumer choice and self-care as by logics based on professionalcare and patient choice. The online access to medical information and peers increases consumer choice,cultivates community building, fosters practices of self-care, and facilitates the production of counterexpertise.The latter enables individuals to resist medical authority, thereby challenging existing norms of thepatient-physician relationship.The thesis employs de Certeau’s distinction between strategies and tactics to arrive at a view of individualempowerment as emergent from a bricolage of tactical interactions with social environments rather than asthe result of strategic initiatives. In order to distinguish between the tactics found, an existing model ofpatient empowerment is extended to encompass the autonomous healthcare capacity of individuals. Theseresults are generalised by introducing a notion of “health capital” as a field-dependent capital capturing thecapacity of an individual to nurture their health, extending previous purely economic and cultural notions byunifying economic, social, and cultural assets.These results demonstrate the value of combining multiple research perspectives for the study of societalchallenges. Everyday practices of primary care provide an interesting and societally relevant context forconsumer research, opening a path for consumer research on health away from more commonly exploredcontexts such as chronic disease management and healthy eating. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how aconsumer perspective allows for understanding health-related everyday practices incorporating resistance tomedical authority as empowered acts of self-care rather than as non-compliance.Two key contributions of the thesis, tactical empowerment and health capital, provide a framework forunderstanding the mixed success of strategic patient empowerment initiatives as misalignments andmisconceptions about the boundaries of professional and individual medical responsibility. Consumerism aswell as information and communication technologies are rapidly expanding the latter, shattering the modernmedical institutions in the process. This thesis provides a ground for nuancing the understanding of the roleof consumerism and empowerment in the field of primary healthcare, creating new opportunities for aninformed realignment of the boundaries of medical responsibility and, ultimately, a renegotiation of thesocial contracts surrounding the socially constructed sick role.
AB - Driven by a need for optimising resource allocation in public health, nation states in Northern Europe areincreasingly viewing healthcare as a market, with health professionals in the role of service providers andpatients in the role of consumers. Health policies aimed at involving and empowering patients as well asbroader societal trends such as consumerism and the proliferation of information and communicationtechnologies into everyday life are assigning a more active role to patients. These joint developments areresulting in a significant redistribution of medical responsibility, one that poses opportunities and challengesto healthcare systems.This study adopts the view of patients as consumers to explore the everyday practices of primary healthcarebeyond the institutionalised and well-studied consultations with general practitioners, paving novel ways tounderstand the role of consumerism in healthcare and patient empowerment as well as initiating a discussionof the positive and negative consequences of considering patients as consumers. The qualitative dataunderlying this thesis was collected through anthropological methods from a total of 44 key informants in thecontext of the tax-financed egalitarian Danish healthcare system in the years 2012–2017.The findings suggest that individuals’ everyday practices of primary healthcare outside of institutionalisedsettings are governed by at least four different tactics, two of which are based on consumerism and providefertile grounds for empowerment. Practices of medicine and medical services consumption seem to be atleast as much explained by logics based on consumer choice and self-care as by logics based on professionalcare and patient choice. The online access to medical information and peers increases consumer choice,cultivates community building, fosters practices of self-care, and facilitates the production of counterexpertise.The latter enables individuals to resist medical authority, thereby challenging existing norms of thepatient-physician relationship.The thesis employs de Certeau’s distinction between strategies and tactics to arrive at a view of individualempowerment as emergent from a bricolage of tactical interactions with social environments rather than asthe result of strategic initiatives. In order to distinguish between the tactics found, an existing model ofpatient empowerment is extended to encompass the autonomous healthcare capacity of individuals. Theseresults are generalised by introducing a notion of “health capital” as a field-dependent capital capturing thecapacity of an individual to nurture their health, extending previous purely economic and cultural notions byunifying economic, social, and cultural assets.These results demonstrate the value of combining multiple research perspectives for the study of societalchallenges. Everyday practices of primary care provide an interesting and societally relevant context forconsumer research, opening a path for consumer research on health away from more commonly exploredcontexts such as chronic disease management and healthy eating. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how aconsumer perspective allows for understanding health-related everyday practices incorporating resistance tomedical authority as empowered acts of self-care rather than as non-compliance.Two key contributions of the thesis, tactical empowerment and health capital, provide a framework forunderstanding the mixed success of strategic patient empowerment initiatives as misalignments andmisconceptions about the boundaries of professional and individual medical responsibility. Consumerism aswell as information and communication technologies are rapidly expanding the latter, shattering the modernmedical institutions in the process. This thesis provides a ground for nuancing the understanding of the roleof consumerism and empowerment in the field of primary healthcare, creating new opportunities for aninformed realignment of the boundaries of medical responsibility and, ultimately, a renegotiation of thesocial contracts surrounding the socially constructed sick role.
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Samfundsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -