TY - GEN
T1 - Fracture trends and cost of fractures in patients with diabetes in Denmark
AU - Kvist, Annika Vestergaard
PY - 2024/10/17
Y1 - 2024/10/17
N2 - Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic illnesses that can result
in several complications, including fragility fractures. Fracture risks are increased in
T1D and T2D. Decreasing fracture incidence rates (IRs) have been demonstrated in
the general population in Denmark, although information about the patterns among
persons with T1D or T2D was lacking. Additionally, trends for site-specific fracture
IRs were unknown. Moreover, persons with T1D have a higher prevalence of
complications after fractures, which could elevate the healthcare cost of fracture
treatment, implying higher costs in T1D. Although, it was unknown if there are
differences in the costs between persons with T1D and persons without diabetes
mellitus (DM).Therefore, the aims of this project were firstly to investigate fracture incidence rates
(IRs) in persons with T1D, T2D, and without DM, including differences in sexes,
age groups, and fracture sites, and secondly to estimate the direct healthcare costs
and cost drivers of fracture treatment among persons with T1D compared to persons
without DM.A combination of Danish registries was used to estimate fracture IRs and cost of
fractures in persons with T1D. Population-based sequential cross-sectional designs
were applied to estimate fracture IRs and trends of fractures, while population-based
cohort designs were used to estimate costs of fractures.Fracture IRs in persons aged 18 years or above with T1D, T2D and controls with a
fracture in the period 1997 to 2017 were calculated. Median IRs of the first five years
and the last five years were calculated and compared. Furthermore, direct healthcare
costs of hip, humerus, forearm, foot, and ankle fractures occurring between 2011-
2015 in individuals aged 18 years or above with T1D and matched controls were
calculated.The investigations demonstrated declines in fracture IRs, which decreased most
substantially in persons with T2D below the age of 50 years. Decreasing fracture IRs
were also discovered in men with T1D, but not in women with T1D. Vertebral
fracture IRs increased, while hip fracture IRs decreased for persons with T1D, T2D,
and without DM. Additionally, forearm and humerus fracture IRs decreased in
persons with T1D and T2D. Furthermore, direct healthcare costs of humerus,
forearm, foot, and ankle fracture treatment were higher among persons with T1D
compared to persons without DM, although no difference of healthcare cost of hip
fracture treatment was identified. The healthcare costs of fracture treatment were
primarily driven by longer durations of hospitalization.The mechanisms behind declining fracture IRs. Declining fracture trends in T1D and
T2D could be due to improvements in disease management and lifestyle, as well as
increasing BMI and lower prevalence of hypoglycaemia. The risk of sustaining a
fracture is still elevated among persons with T1D or T2D, therefore, it remains highly
important to study the mechanisms behind the risk, which may help optimizing
prevention of fractures. The mechanisms behind higher fracture treatment costs are
unknown, but higher healthcare costs of fracture treatment in persons with T1D
could be explained by higher prevalence of complications after in persons with T1D
compared to persons without DM. This is why improvements in fracture treatment
in this group might lower the costs of fracture treatment and improve the quality of
life for the patients.
AB - Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic illnesses that can result
in several complications, including fragility fractures. Fracture risks are increased in
T1D and T2D. Decreasing fracture incidence rates (IRs) have been demonstrated in
the general population in Denmark, although information about the patterns among
persons with T1D or T2D was lacking. Additionally, trends for site-specific fracture
IRs were unknown. Moreover, persons with T1D have a higher prevalence of
complications after fractures, which could elevate the healthcare cost of fracture
treatment, implying higher costs in T1D. Although, it was unknown if there are
differences in the costs between persons with T1D and persons without diabetes
mellitus (DM).Therefore, the aims of this project were firstly to investigate fracture incidence rates
(IRs) in persons with T1D, T2D, and without DM, including differences in sexes,
age groups, and fracture sites, and secondly to estimate the direct healthcare costs
and cost drivers of fracture treatment among persons with T1D compared to persons
without DM.A combination of Danish registries was used to estimate fracture IRs and cost of
fractures in persons with T1D. Population-based sequential cross-sectional designs
were applied to estimate fracture IRs and trends of fractures, while population-based
cohort designs were used to estimate costs of fractures.Fracture IRs in persons aged 18 years or above with T1D, T2D and controls with a
fracture in the period 1997 to 2017 were calculated. Median IRs of the first five years
and the last five years were calculated and compared. Furthermore, direct healthcare
costs of hip, humerus, forearm, foot, and ankle fractures occurring between 2011-
2015 in individuals aged 18 years or above with T1D and matched controls were
calculated.The investigations demonstrated declines in fracture IRs, which decreased most
substantially in persons with T2D below the age of 50 years. Decreasing fracture IRs
were also discovered in men with T1D, but not in women with T1D. Vertebral
fracture IRs increased, while hip fracture IRs decreased for persons with T1D, T2D,
and without DM. Additionally, forearm and humerus fracture IRs decreased in
persons with T1D and T2D. Furthermore, direct healthcare costs of humerus,
forearm, foot, and ankle fracture treatment were higher among persons with T1D
compared to persons without DM, although no difference of healthcare cost of hip
fracture treatment was identified. The healthcare costs of fracture treatment were
primarily driven by longer durations of hospitalization.The mechanisms behind declining fracture IRs. Declining fracture trends in T1D and
T2D could be due to improvements in disease management and lifestyle, as well as
increasing BMI and lower prevalence of hypoglycaemia. The risk of sustaining a
fracture is still elevated among persons with T1D or T2D, therefore, it remains highly
important to study the mechanisms behind the risk, which may help optimizing
prevention of fractures. The mechanisms behind higher fracture treatment costs are
unknown, but higher healthcare costs of fracture treatment in persons with T1D
could be explained by higher prevalence of complications after in persons with T1D
compared to persons without DM. This is why improvements in fracture treatment
in this group might lower the costs of fracture treatment and improve the quality of
life for the patients.
U2 - 10.21996/hkbj-mn15
DO - 10.21996/hkbj-mn15
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -