Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

S. Lesage; P. Veres; M. S. Briggs; A. Goldstein; D. Kocevski; E. Burns; C. A. Wilson-Hodge; P. N. Bhat; D. Huppenkothen; C. L. Fryer; R. Hamburg; J. Racusin; E. Bissaldi; W. H. Cleveland; S. Dalessi; C. Fletcher; M. M. Giles; B. A. Hristov; C. M. Hui; B. Mailyan; C. Malacaria; S. Poolakkil; O. J. Roberts; A. von Kienlin; J. Wood; M. Ajello; M. Arimoto; L. Baldini; J. Ballet; M. G. Baring; D. Bastieri; J. Becerra Gonzalez; R. Bellazzini; E. Bissaldi; R. D. Blandford; R. Bonino; P. Bruel; S. Buson; R. A. Cameron; R. Caputo; P. A. Caraveo; E. Cavazzuti; G. Chiaro; N. Cibrario; S. Ciprini; P. Cristarella Orestano; M. Crnogorcevic; A. Cuoco; S. Cutini; F. D’Ammando; S. De Gaetano; N. Di Lalla; L. Di Venere; A. Domínguez; S. J. Fegan; E. C. Ferrara; H. Fleischhack; Y. Fukazawa; S. Funk; P. Fusco; G. Galanti; V. Gammaldi; F. Gargano; C. Gasbarra; D. Gasparrini; S. Germani; F. Giacchino; N. Giglietto; R. Gill; M. Giroletti; J. Granot; D. Green; I. A. Grenier; S. Guiriec; M. Gustafsson; E. Hays; J. W. Hewitt; D. Horan; X. Hou; M. Kuss; L. Latronico; A. Laviron; M. Lemoine-Goumard; J. Li; I. Liodakis; F. Longo; F. Loparco; L. Lorusso; M. N. Lovellette; P. Lubrano; S. Maldera; A. Manfreda; G. Martí-Devesa; M. N. Mazziotta; J. E. McEnery; I. Mereu; M. Meyer; P. F. Michelson; T. Mizuno; M. E. Monzani; A. Morselli; I. V. Moskalenko; M. Negro; E. Nuss; N. Omodei; E. Orlando; J. F. Ormes; D. Paneque; G. Panzarini; M. Persic; M. Pesce-Rollins; R. Pillera; F. Piron; H. Poon; T. A. Porter; G. Principe; S. Rainò; R. Rando; B. Rani; M. Razzano; S. Razzaque; A. Reimer; O. Reimer; F. Ryde; M. Sánchez-Conde; P. M.Saz Parkinson; L. Scotton; D. Serini; C. Sgrò; V. Sharma; E. J. Siskind; G. Spandre; P. Spinelli; H. Tajima; D. F. Torres; J. Valverde; T. Venters; Z. Wadiasingh; K. Wood; G. Zaharijas

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

S. Lesage^*, P. Veres, M. S. Briggs, A. Goldstein, D. Kocevski, E. Burns, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, P. N. Bhat, D. Huppenkothen, C. L. Fryer, R. Hamburg, J. Racusin, E. Bissaldi, W. H. Cleveland, S. Dalessi, C. Fletcher, M. M. Giles, B. A. Hristov, C. M. Hui, B. MailyanC. Malacaria, S. Poolakkil, O. J. Roberts, A. von Kienlin, J. Wood, M. Ajello, M. Arimoto, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, J. Becerra Gonzalez, R. Bellazzini, E. Bissaldi, R. D. Blandford, R. Bonino, P. Bruel, S. Buson, R. A. Cameron, R. Caputo, P. A. Caraveo, E. Cavazzuti, G. Chiaro, N. Cibrario, S. Ciprini, P. Cristarella Orestano, M. Crnogorcevic, A. Cuoco, S. Cutini, F. D’Ammando, S. De Gaetano, N. Di Lalla, L. Di Venere, A. Domínguez, S. J. Fegan, E. C. Ferrara, H. Fleischhack, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, G. Galanti, V. Gammaldi, F. Gargano, C. Gasbarra, D. Gasparrini, S. Germani, F. Giacchino, N. Giglietto, R. Gill, M. Giroletti, J. Granot, D. Green, I. A. Grenier, S. Guiriec, M. Gustafsson, E. Hays, J. W. Hewitt, D. Horan, X. Hou, M. Kuss, L. Latronico, A. Laviron, M. Lemoine-Goumard, J. Li, I. Liodakis, F. Longo, F. Loparco, L. Lorusso, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, S. Maldera, A. Manfreda, G. Martí-Devesa, M. N. Mazziotta, J. E. McEnery, I. Mereu, M. Meyer, P. F. Michelson, T. Mizuno, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I. V. Moskalenko, M. Negro, E. Nuss, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J. F. Ormes, D. Paneque, G. Panzarini, M. Persic, M. Pesce-Rollins, R. Pillera, F. Piron, H. Poon, T. A. Porter, G. Principe, S. Rainò, R. Rando, B. Rani, M. Razzano, S. Razzaque, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, F. Ryde, M. Sánchez-Conde, P. M.Saz Parkinson, L. Scotton, D. Serini, C. Sgrò, V. Sharma, E. J. Siskind, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, H. Tajima, D. F. Torres, J. Valverde, T. Venters, Z. Wadiasingh, K. Wood, G. Zaharijas

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THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE ISOPEN ACCESS
Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow
S. Lesage1,2, P. Veres1,2, M. S. Briggs1,2, A. Goldstein3, D. Kocevski4, E. Burns5, C. A. Wilson-Hodge4, P. N. Bhat1,2, D. Huppenkothen6, C. L. Fryer7Show full author list

Published 2023 August 3 • © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 952, Number 2
Citation S. Lesage et al 2023 ApJL 952 L42
DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4
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Abstract
We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 s, which smoothly transitions to afterglow emission visible in the Fermi-GBM energy range (8 keV–40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the Fermi-GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the Fermi-GBM trigger time (t0; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock breakout, with significant emission up to ∼15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t0 + 600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase, which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the Fermi-GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy (Eγ,iso = 1.0 × 1055 erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity (Lγ,iso = 9.9 × 1053 erg s–1) based on its redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of Fermi-GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Artikelnummer	L42
Tidsskrift	Astrophysical Journal Letters
Vol/bind	952
Udgave nummer	2
Antal sider	20
ISSN	2041-8205
DOI	https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4
Status	Udgivet - 1. aug. 2023

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. ECF is supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002.

Funding Information:
Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.

Funding Information:
S.L. acknowledges useful discussions with Tyson Littenberg and thanks him for the assistance with writing the Bayesian Markov Chain fitting technique. The UAH coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement 80MSFC22M0004. The USRA coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract 80MSFC17M0022. D.K., C.A.W.H., and C.M.H. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. R.H. acknowledges funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 945298-ParisRegionFP.

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Citationsformater

Lesage, S., Veres, P., Briggs, M. S., Goldstein, A., Kocevski, D., Burns, E., Wilson-Hodge, C. A., Bhat, P. N., Huppenkothen, D., Fryer, C. L., Hamburg, R., Racusin, J., Bissaldi, E., Cleveland, W. H., Dalessi, S., Fletcher, C., Giles, M. M., Hristov, B. A., Hui, C. M., ... Zaharijas, G. (2023). Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 952(2), Artikel L42. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

@article{3fe9cca560f9458fa4081b49d5a49c87,

title = "Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow",

abstract = "We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 s, which smoothly transitions to afterglow emission visible in the Fermi-GBM energy range (8 keV-40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the Fermi-GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the Fermi-GBM trigger time (t 0; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock breakout, with significant emission up to ∼15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t 0 + 600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase, which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the Fermi-GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy (E γ,iso = 1.0 × 1055 erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity (L γ,iso = 9.9 × 1053 erg s-1) based on its redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of Fermi-GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow.",

author = "S. Lesage and P. Veres and Briggs, {M. S.} and A. Goldstein and D. Kocevski and E. Burns and Wilson-Hodge, {C. A.} and Bhat, {P. N.} and D. Huppenkothen and Fryer, {C. L.} and R. Hamburg and J. Racusin and E. Bissaldi and Cleveland, {W. H.} and S. Dalessi and C. Fletcher and Giles, {M. M.} and Hristov, {B. A.} and Hui, {C. M.} and B. Mailyan and C. Malacaria and S. Poolakkil and Roberts, {O. J.} and {von Kienlin}, A. and J. Wood and M. Ajello and M. Arimoto and L. Baldini and J. Ballet and Baring, {M. G.} and D. Bastieri and Gonzalez, {J. Becerra} and R. Bellazzini and E. Bissaldi and Blandford, {R. D.} and R. Bonino and P. Bruel and S. Buson and Cameron, {R. A.} and R. Caputo and Caraveo, {P. A.} and E. Cavazzuti and G. Chiaro and N. Cibrario and S. Ciprini and Orestano, {P. Cristarella} and M. Crnogorcevic and A. Cuoco and S. Cutini and F. D{\textquoteright}Ammando and {De Gaetano}, S. and {Di Lalla}, N. and {Di Venere}, L. and A. Dom{\'i}nguez and Fegan, {S. J.} and Ferrara, {E. C.} and H. Fleischhack and Y. Fukazawa and S. Funk and P. Fusco and G. Galanti and V. Gammaldi and F. Gargano and C. Gasbarra and D. Gasparrini and S. Germani and F. Giacchino and N. Giglietto and R. Gill and M. Giroletti and J. Granot and D. Green and Grenier, {I. A.} and S. Guiriec and M. Gustafsson and E. Hays and Hewitt, {J. W.} and D. Horan and X. Hou and M. Kuss and L. Latronico and A. Laviron and M. Lemoine-Goumard and J. Li and I. Liodakis and F. Longo and F. Loparco and L. Lorusso and Lovellette, {M. N.} and P. Lubrano and S. Maldera and A. Manfreda and G. Mart{\'i}-Devesa and Mazziotta, {M. N.} and McEnery, {J. E.} and I. Mereu and M. Meyer and Michelson, {P. F.} and T. Mizuno and Monzani, {M. E.} and A. Morselli and Moskalenko, {I. V.} and M. Negro and E. Nuss and N. Omodei and E. Orlando and Ormes, {J. F.} and D. Paneque and G. Panzarini and M. Persic and M. Pesce-Rollins and R. Pillera and F. Piron and H. Poon and Porter, {T. A.} and G. Principe and S. Rain{\`o} and R. Rando and B. Rani and M. Razzano and S. Razzaque and A. Reimer and O. Reimer and F. Ryde and M. S{\'a}nchez-Conde and Parkinson, {P. M.Saz} and L. Scotton and D. Serini and C. Sgr{\`o} and V. Sharma and Siskind, {E. J.} and G. Spandre and P. Spinelli and H. Tajima and Torres, {D. F.} and J. Valverde and T. Venters and Z. Wadiasingh and K. Wood and G. Zaharijas",

note = "Funding Information: The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat {\`a} l{\textquoteright}Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucl{\'e}aire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. ECF is supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. Funding Information: Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d{\textquoteright}{\'E}tudes Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. Funding Information: S.L. acknowledges useful discussions with Tyson Littenberg and thanks him for the assistance with writing the Bayesian Markov Chain fitting technique. The UAH coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement 80MSFC22M0004. The USRA coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract 80MSFC17M0022. D.K., C.A.W.H., and C.M.H. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. R.H. acknowledges funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 945298-ParisRegionFP. ",

year = "2023",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4",

language = "English",

volume = "952",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal Letters",

issn = "2041-8205",

publisher = "IOP Publishing",

number = "2",

}

Lesage, S, Veres, P, Briggs, MS, Goldstein, A, Kocevski, D, Burns, E, Wilson-Hodge, CA, Bhat, PN, Huppenkothen, D, Fryer, CL, Hamburg, R, Racusin, J, Bissaldi, E, Cleveland, WH, Dalessi, S, Fletcher, C, Giles, MM, Hristov, BA, Hui, CM, Mailyan, B, Malacaria, C, Poolakkil, S, Roberts, OJ, von Kienlin, A, Wood, J, Ajello, M, Arimoto, M, Baldini, L, Ballet, J, Baring, MG, Bastieri, D, Gonzalez, JB, Bellazzini, R, Bissaldi, E, Blandford, RD, Bonino, R, Bruel, P, Buson, S, Cameron, RA, Caputo, R, Caraveo, PA, Cavazzuti, E, Chiaro, G, Cibrario, N, Ciprini, S, Orestano, PC, Crnogorcevic, M, Cuoco, A, Cutini, S, D’Ammando, F, De Gaetano, S, Di Lalla, N, Di Venere, L, Domínguez, A, Fegan, SJ, Ferrara, EC, Fleischhack, H, Fukazawa, Y, Funk, S, Fusco, P, Galanti, G, Gammaldi, V, Gargano, F, Gasbarra, C, Gasparrini, D, Germani, S, Giacchino, F, Giglietto, N, Gill, R, Giroletti, M, Granot, J, Green, D, Grenier, IA, Guiriec, S, Gustafsson, M, Hays, E, Hewitt, JW, Horan, D, Hou, X, Kuss, M, Latronico, L, Laviron, A, Lemoine-Goumard, M, Li, J, Liodakis, I, Longo, F, Loparco, F, Lorusso, L, Lovellette, MN, Lubrano, P, Maldera, S, Manfreda, A, Martí-Devesa, G, Mazziotta, MN, McEnery, JE, Mereu, I, Meyer, M, Michelson, PF, Mizuno, T, Monzani, ME, Morselli, A, Moskalenko, IV, Negro, M, Nuss, E, Omodei, N, Orlando, E, Ormes, JF, Paneque, D, Panzarini, G, Persic, M, Pesce-Rollins, M, Pillera, R, Piron, F, Poon, H, Porter, TA, Principe, G, Rainò, S, Rando, R, Rani, B, Razzano, M, Razzaque, S, Reimer, A, Reimer, O, Ryde, F, Sánchez-Conde, M, Parkinson, PMS, Scotton, L, Serini, D, Sgrò, C, Sharma, V, Siskind, EJ, Spandre, G, Spinelli, P, Tajima, H, Torres, DF, Valverde, J, Venters, T, Wadiasingh, Z, Wood, K & Zaharijas, G 2023, 'Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow', Astrophysical Journal Letters, bind 952, nr. 2, L42. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

TY - JOUR

T1 - Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A

T2 - An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

AU - Lesage, S.

AU - Veres, P.

AU - Briggs, M. S.

AU - Goldstein, A.

AU - Kocevski, D.

AU - Burns, E.

AU - Wilson-Hodge, C. A.

AU - Bhat, P. N.

AU - Huppenkothen, D.

AU - Fryer, C. L.

AU - Hamburg, R.

AU - Racusin, J.

AU - Bissaldi, E.

AU - Cleveland, W. H.

AU - Dalessi, S.

AU - Fletcher, C.

AU - Giles, M. M.

AU - Hristov, B. A.

AU - Hui, C. M.

AU - Mailyan, B.

AU - Malacaria, C.

AU - Poolakkil, S.

AU - Roberts, O. J.

AU - von Kienlin, A.

AU - Wood, J.

AU - Ajello, M.

AU - Arimoto, M.

AU - Baldini, L.

AU - Ballet, J.

AU - Baring, M. G.

AU - Bastieri, D.

AU - Gonzalez, J. Becerra

AU - Bellazzini, R.

AU - Bissaldi, E.

AU - Blandford, R. D.

AU - Bonino, R.

AU - Bruel, P.

AU - Buson, S.

AU - Cameron, R. A.

AU - Caputo, R.

AU - Caraveo, P. A.

AU - Cavazzuti, E.

AU - Chiaro, G.

AU - Cibrario, N.

AU - Ciprini, S.

AU - Orestano, P. Cristarella

AU - Crnogorcevic, M.

AU - Cuoco, A.

AU - Cutini, S.

AU - D’Ammando, F.

AU - De Gaetano, S.

AU - Di Lalla, N.

AU - Di Venere, L.

AU - Domínguez, A.

AU - Fegan, S. J.

AU - Ferrara, E. C.

AU - Fleischhack, H.

AU - Fukazawa, Y.

AU - Funk, S.

AU - Fusco, P.

AU - Galanti, G.

AU - Gammaldi, V.

AU - Gargano, F.

AU - Gasbarra, C.

AU - Gasparrini, D.

AU - Germani, S.

AU - Giacchino, F.

AU - Giglietto, N.

AU - Gill, R.

AU - Giroletti, M.

AU - Granot, J.

AU - Green, D.

AU - Grenier, I. A.

AU - Guiriec, S.

AU - Gustafsson, M.

AU - Hays, E.

AU - Hewitt, J. W.

AU - Horan, D.

AU - Hou, X.

AU - Kuss, M.

AU - Latronico, L.

AU - Laviron, A.

AU - Lemoine-Goumard, M.

AU - Li, J.

AU - Liodakis, I.

AU - Longo, F.

AU - Loparco, F.

AU - Lorusso, L.

AU - Lovellette, M. N.

AU - Lubrano, P.

AU - Maldera, S.

AU - Manfreda, A.

AU - Martí-Devesa, G.

AU - Mazziotta, M. N.

AU - McEnery, J. E.

AU - Mereu, I.

AU - Meyer, M.

AU - Michelson, P. F.

AU - Mizuno, T.

AU - Monzani, M. E.

AU - Morselli, A.

AU - Moskalenko, I. V.

AU - Negro, M.

AU - Nuss, E.

AU - Omodei, N.

AU - Orlando, E.

AU - Ormes, J. F.

AU - Paneque, D.

AU - Panzarini, G.

AU - Persic, M.

AU - Pesce-Rollins, M.

AU - Pillera, R.

AU - Piron, F.

AU - Poon, H.

AU - Porter, T. A.

AU - Principe, G.

AU - Rainò, S.

AU - Rando, R.

AU - Rani, B.

AU - Razzano, M.

AU - Razzaque, S.

AU - Reimer, A.

AU - Reimer, O.

AU - Ryde, F.

AU - Sánchez-Conde, M.

AU - Parkinson, P. M.Saz

AU - Scotton, L.

AU - Serini, D.

AU - Sgrò, C.

AU - Sharma, V.

AU - Siskind, E. J.

AU - Spandre, G.

AU - Spinelli, P.

AU - Tajima, H.

AU - Torres, D. F.

AU - Valverde, J.

AU - Venters, T.

AU - Wadiasingh, Z.

AU - Wood, K.

AU - Zaharijas, G.

N1 - Funding Information: The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and the Swedish National Space Board in Sweden. ECF is supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. Funding Information: Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. Funding Information: S.L. acknowledges useful discussions with Tyson Littenberg and thanks him for the assistance with writing the Bayesian Markov Chain fitting technique. The UAH coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement 80MSFC22M0004. The USRA coauthors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract 80MSFC17M0022. D.K., C.A.W.H., and C.M.H. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. R.H. acknowledges funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 945298-ParisRegionFP.

PY - 2023/8/1

Y1 - 2023/8/1

N2 - We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 s, which smoothly transitions to afterglow emission visible in the Fermi-GBM energy range (8 keV-40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the Fermi-GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the Fermi-GBM trigger time (t 0; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock breakout, with significant emission up to ∼15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t 0 + 600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase, which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the Fermi-GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy (E γ,iso = 1.0 × 1055 erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity (L γ,iso = 9.9 × 1053 erg s-1) based on its redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of Fermi-GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow.

AB - We report the discovery of GRB 221009A, the highest flux gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM). This GRB has continuous prompt emission lasting more than 600 s, which smoothly transitions to afterglow emission visible in the Fermi-GBM energy range (8 keV-40 MeV), and total energetics higher than any other burst in the Fermi-GBM sample. By using a variety of new and existing analysis techniques we probe the spectral and temporal evolution of GRB 221009A. We find no emission prior to the Fermi-GBM trigger time (t 0; 2022 October 9 at 13:16:59.99 UTC), indicating that this is the time of prompt emission onset. The triggering pulse exhibits distinct spectral and temporal properties suggestive of the thermal, photospheric emission of shock breakout, with significant emission up to ∼15 MeV. We characterize the onset of external shock at t 0 + 600 s and find evidence of a plateau region in the early-afterglow phase, which transitions to a slope consistent with Swift-XRT afterglow measurements. We place the total energetics of GRB 221009A in context with the rest of the Fermi-GBM sample and find that this GRB has the highest total isotropic-equivalent energy (E γ,iso = 1.0 × 1055 erg) and second highest isotropic-equivalent luminosity (L γ,iso = 9.9 × 1053 erg s-1) based on its redshift of z = 0.151. These extreme energetics are what allowed us to observe the continuously emitting central engine of Fermi-GBM from the beginning of the prompt emission phase through the onset of early afterglow.

U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85167911401

SN - 2041-8205

VL - 952

JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters

JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters

IS - 2

M1 - L42

ER -

Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow

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