TY - GEN
T1 - Evaluation of the Implementation of Best Practice Models in the Treatment of Addiction Problems in Greenland
AU - Holflod, Julie Flyger
PY - 2024/8/8
Y1 - 2024/8/8
N2 - BackgroundThe opening in 2016 of a new national outpatient treatment service for addiction problems in Greenlandcreated a unique opportunity for addiction research. The new treatment service in Greenland, Allorfik,opened five new treatment centers—one in each municipality—and uses the internationally availableevidence on addiction treatment but with adaptations to local conditions. Allorfik thus introduced bothincreased availability of treatment and a new treatment methodology. Before Allorfik, addiction treatment was only available in the capital city Nuuk, therefore giving only residents of Nuuk and few othersfrom outside of Nuuk the possibility of treatment.There is not a lot of evidence on addiction treatment services when offered to populations like that ofthe Greenlandic population. The so-called gold standard of addiction treatment is based on Western populations, who have very different addiction patterns as well as way of living and beliefs about health andhealing.This dissertation aims to evaluate the implementation and function of Allorfik. It will present the resultsof the studies conducted, starting with a description of the background and political process behind theestablishment of Allorfik (study 1), whether Allorfik met the expectations (study 2), succeeded in implementing the expected treatment measures (study 3), and the mortality among patients who have initiatedaddiction treatment relative to the background population (study 4).Methods & ResultsStudy 1: Wishing for a more sober society: a scoping review on addiction problems and treatment services in Greenland leading to the 2016 national strategy for treatment for addiction in Greenland.This study aimed to explore the publicly available documents (i.e., government and academia) on addiction problems (alcohol, cannabis, and gambling) or described the needs of and wishes to change howtreatment is offered prior to deciding the current national strategy for treatment of addiction in Greenland. The study followed the scoping review framework for how to progress and scope across differenttypes of literature and sources. The data collected were scientific papers and reports, political documents, and minutes from meetings in the parliamentary Family and Health Committee on the debates ofaddiction treatment in the years 2010-2016. We performed a document analysis of publicly availableliterature detailing the addiction treatment service in Greenland for the historical context. The searchidentified 54 relevant documents: 26 political documents, 11 government documents, and 15 scientific documents that were included for analysis. The study identified three documents that revealed the keysteps in determining the path to a new national addiction treatment service.Study 2: A qualitative study of the implementation and organization of the national Greenlandic addiction treatment service.This study aimed to investigate the implementation and organization of the new treatment service, Allorfik, as seen through the eyes of those involved. The study was inspired by the methodological framework RE-AIM - especially for the design of the interview guide and deciding who to include in the interviews. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with 23 individuals. The interviewees represent internal Allorfik staff, government officials, and personnel from collaborating partner organizations, e.g., the health care system, the municipalities, and local NGOs. The interview topics were the establishment, difficulties, and strengths in the implementation process, and how the treatment serviceworked at the time of the interview. The interview data were condensed and analyzed using the generalinductive approach. A thematic analysis identified three major themes in the data: the implementation,collaborations, and challenges/barriers. Each theme had several sub-themes. The study concludes thatthe implementation and organization of Allorfik seems to have been delivered as intended and promised.Allorfik has also become more than the addiction treatment service it was planned to be – it has developed into a service with easy access for citizens needing of different kinds of help that is otherwise unavailable or difficult to access.Study 3: A quality assurance study of the development of quality of care in outpatient clinics for treatment of addiction in GreenlandUsing the auditor’s case notes, this study aimed to investigate the development of quality of treatmentfrom 2019 to 2021. The focus of the audits was the quality of documentation and content for ten specificareas in each patient record. Each area was scored on a Likert scale of 0-4 for both outcomes. Statisticalanalyses were done using Stata 17, and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Theanalysis was based on audits of the case notes of 454 patients from five different treatment centers. Themean number of weeks in addiction treatment was 12.7, and the mean age for the people in the auditedcase notes was 39 years. The quality of documentation improved by 0.21 points (p-value = <0.001) eachmonth during the 2019-2021 period, while the quality of content improved by 0.27 points (p-value =<0.001) each month.Study 4: Excess Mortality Among Individuals Who Have Undergone Addiction Treatment: A Studyfrom GreenlandThis study aimed to examine the mortality of people attending addiction treatment in Greenland. Participants of this study are all persons who have attended public treatment for addiction problems from 2012to 2022. 4,786 treatment entries were linked with mortality data using personal identification numbers. Due to a high number of patients with multiple treatment courses and a few errors in the personal identification number, 3286 patients were included for analysis of mortality. The majority of patients werefemale (53.9%) and the median age at last observed treatment was 37 years. 33.8% of the patients hadattended addiction treatment more than once. The majority of patients (60.1%) had attended treatment in2019 or later and half of the patients completed their treatment course. 94 persons had deceased beforethe first quarter of 2023. Among those who died, 50 persons died of natural causes, eight died becauseof accidents, 31 persons died by suicide and five died by assault. The cohort was followed up for a median of 2.89 years and a total of 12.068 person-years and the standardized mortality (SMR) rate was1.42 death with no significant difference in SMR between males and females (p-value = 0.207). Therewas a significant difference in SMR, depending on age at the time of treatment seeking, where theyoung ages groups had a higher SMR than the older age groups (p-value = 0.021). ConclusionThe present dissertation has evaluated the process and outcome of implementing Allorfik, a nationaloutpatient addiction treatment service established in 2016, through four sub-studies.The implementation process of Allorfik has been challenging, and adaptations of the original plan havebeen made, but overall, the implementation ended successfully. The quality of care in Allorfik has significantly improved over time and was at an excellent level in all treatment centers at the last audit. Themortality rate of people who have attended addiction treatment in Greenland was found to be higherthan the background population, and the mortality rate of the younger groups of people attending treatment was significantly higher than among the older groups. The Fidelity Framework was used to discussthe results of the four studies collectively and evaluate the fidelity to the implementation and plans ofAllorfik. The assessment proved a high level of fidelity was achieved.
AB - BackgroundThe opening in 2016 of a new national outpatient treatment service for addiction problems in Greenlandcreated a unique opportunity for addiction research. The new treatment service in Greenland, Allorfik,opened five new treatment centers—one in each municipality—and uses the internationally availableevidence on addiction treatment but with adaptations to local conditions. Allorfik thus introduced bothincreased availability of treatment and a new treatment methodology. Before Allorfik, addiction treatment was only available in the capital city Nuuk, therefore giving only residents of Nuuk and few othersfrom outside of Nuuk the possibility of treatment.There is not a lot of evidence on addiction treatment services when offered to populations like that ofthe Greenlandic population. The so-called gold standard of addiction treatment is based on Western populations, who have very different addiction patterns as well as way of living and beliefs about health andhealing.This dissertation aims to evaluate the implementation and function of Allorfik. It will present the resultsof the studies conducted, starting with a description of the background and political process behind theestablishment of Allorfik (study 1), whether Allorfik met the expectations (study 2), succeeded in implementing the expected treatment measures (study 3), and the mortality among patients who have initiatedaddiction treatment relative to the background population (study 4).Methods & ResultsStudy 1: Wishing for a more sober society: a scoping review on addiction problems and treatment services in Greenland leading to the 2016 national strategy for treatment for addiction in Greenland.This study aimed to explore the publicly available documents (i.e., government and academia) on addiction problems (alcohol, cannabis, and gambling) or described the needs of and wishes to change howtreatment is offered prior to deciding the current national strategy for treatment of addiction in Greenland. The study followed the scoping review framework for how to progress and scope across differenttypes of literature and sources. The data collected were scientific papers and reports, political documents, and minutes from meetings in the parliamentary Family and Health Committee on the debates ofaddiction treatment in the years 2010-2016. We performed a document analysis of publicly availableliterature detailing the addiction treatment service in Greenland for the historical context. The searchidentified 54 relevant documents: 26 political documents, 11 government documents, and 15 scientific documents that were included for analysis. The study identified three documents that revealed the keysteps in determining the path to a new national addiction treatment service.Study 2: A qualitative study of the implementation and organization of the national Greenlandic addiction treatment service.This study aimed to investigate the implementation and organization of the new treatment service, Allorfik, as seen through the eyes of those involved. The study was inspired by the methodological framework RE-AIM - especially for the design of the interview guide and deciding who to include in the interviews. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with 23 individuals. The interviewees represent internal Allorfik staff, government officials, and personnel from collaborating partner organizations, e.g., the health care system, the municipalities, and local NGOs. The interview topics were the establishment, difficulties, and strengths in the implementation process, and how the treatment serviceworked at the time of the interview. The interview data were condensed and analyzed using the generalinductive approach. A thematic analysis identified three major themes in the data: the implementation,collaborations, and challenges/barriers. Each theme had several sub-themes. The study concludes thatthe implementation and organization of Allorfik seems to have been delivered as intended and promised.Allorfik has also become more than the addiction treatment service it was planned to be – it has developed into a service with easy access for citizens needing of different kinds of help that is otherwise unavailable or difficult to access.Study 3: A quality assurance study of the development of quality of care in outpatient clinics for treatment of addiction in GreenlandUsing the auditor’s case notes, this study aimed to investigate the development of quality of treatmentfrom 2019 to 2021. The focus of the audits was the quality of documentation and content for ten specificareas in each patient record. Each area was scored on a Likert scale of 0-4 for both outcomes. Statisticalanalyses were done using Stata 17, and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Theanalysis was based on audits of the case notes of 454 patients from five different treatment centers. Themean number of weeks in addiction treatment was 12.7, and the mean age for the people in the auditedcase notes was 39 years. The quality of documentation improved by 0.21 points (p-value = <0.001) eachmonth during the 2019-2021 period, while the quality of content improved by 0.27 points (p-value =<0.001) each month.Study 4: Excess Mortality Among Individuals Who Have Undergone Addiction Treatment: A Studyfrom GreenlandThis study aimed to examine the mortality of people attending addiction treatment in Greenland. Participants of this study are all persons who have attended public treatment for addiction problems from 2012to 2022. 4,786 treatment entries were linked with mortality data using personal identification numbers. Due to a high number of patients with multiple treatment courses and a few errors in the personal identification number, 3286 patients were included for analysis of mortality. The majority of patients werefemale (53.9%) and the median age at last observed treatment was 37 years. 33.8% of the patients hadattended addiction treatment more than once. The majority of patients (60.1%) had attended treatment in2019 or later and half of the patients completed their treatment course. 94 persons had deceased beforethe first quarter of 2023. Among those who died, 50 persons died of natural causes, eight died becauseof accidents, 31 persons died by suicide and five died by assault. The cohort was followed up for a median of 2.89 years and a total of 12.068 person-years and the standardized mortality (SMR) rate was1.42 death with no significant difference in SMR between males and females (p-value = 0.207). Therewas a significant difference in SMR, depending on age at the time of treatment seeking, where theyoung ages groups had a higher SMR than the older age groups (p-value = 0.021). ConclusionThe present dissertation has evaluated the process and outcome of implementing Allorfik, a nationaloutpatient addiction treatment service established in 2016, through four sub-studies.The implementation process of Allorfik has been challenging, and adaptations of the original plan havebeen made, but overall, the implementation ended successfully. The quality of care in Allorfik has significantly improved over time and was at an excellent level in all treatment centers at the last audit. Themortality rate of people who have attended addiction treatment in Greenland was found to be higherthan the background population, and the mortality rate of the younger groups of people attending treatment was significantly higher than among the older groups. The Fidelity Framework was used to discussthe results of the four studies collectively and evaluate the fidelity to the implementation and plans ofAllorfik. The assessment proved a high level of fidelity was achieved.
U2 - 10.21996/fbh5-9689
DO - 10.21996/fbh5-9689
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -