TY - GEN
T1 - Engineering Biocatalysts with Polymers for Biocatalytic Cascade
AU - Wang, Shan
PY - 2024/5/7
Y1 - 2024/5/7
N2 - Biocatalysts, including enzymes and whole cells, are powerful biological catalysts that enable diverse
reactions with exceptional efficiency, finding extensive application in the chemical and
pharmaceutical industries. Despite their advantages, applying biocatalysts in industrial settings,
especially under non-biological conditions, presents significant challenges, such as their vulnerability
to industrial environment, poor recyclability, limited reaction scopes, and difficulty in chemoenzymatic
cascades. To address these challenges, this thesis describes a polymeric strategy to engineer
enzymes and whole cells for stable, recyclable, new-to-nature cascade catalysis.In the initial endeavor, I engineered active polymeric nanoparticles to incorporate enzymes within
Pickering emulsions, facilitating recyclable cascade catalysis. These nanoparticles were synthesized
through the grafting of polymer ligands from their surfaces via atom transfer radical polymerization
(ATRP), subsequently coordinated with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2. This method not only endowed the
particles with catalytic functionality but also enhanced their surface activity, enabling their use as
catalytically active emulsifiers. Eventually, the integration of Candida antarctica Lipase B (CalB) into
the Pickering emulsion catalyzed a chemoenzymatic cascade reaction, from acetophenone to 1-
phenylethanol, in an aqueous medium with an efficiency of up to 99% conversion and an
enantiomeric excess (ee) of 93%.Building upon the above success, I proposed the direct modification of active enzymes with catalytic
polymers, creating enzyme-polymer conjugates that contains both enzymes and polymer catalysts.
Given the nonpolar nature of the investigated catalytic polymers, I devised copolymerization
strategies that integrated polar monomers with nonpolar polymer catalysts directly on transaminases.
This resulted in the formation of water-soluble, active conjugates for two-step one-pot cascade
reactions. Remarkably, these conjugates achieved a conversion efficiency of 99% and an
enantiomeric excess of 95%, underscoring the potential of this method for advancing
chemoenzymatic synthesis.Furthermore, I have developed new methods for engineering enzymes and living cells with
supramolecules and polymer guests to endow them with novel properties for catalysis and recycling.
I have synthesized SupEnzymes by chemically linking enzymes with supramolecular β-cyclodextrin,
enabling them to perform on-demand recyclable catalysis. These SupEnzymes can operate as both
water-soluble homogeneous catalysts and, through interaction with guest polymers, as recyclable
heterogeneous catalysts. The strategic introduction of specific guests and competitive guests
facilitates dynamic switching between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic states, illustrating
the versatility of this approach for efficient catalysis and recycling. On the other hand, I have expanded this concept to whole-cell catalysis, creating SupBacteria by physically associating E. coli
cells with guest polymers, which then form efficient host-guest complexes with SupEnzyme. These
SupBacteria demonstrate the ability to recycle various extracellular enzymes and execute robust
multi-enzymatic cascades involving two or three steps with extracellular enzymes in cells.Overall, my PhD thesis is dedicated to leveraging advanced polymer chemistry techniques to
enhance the stability, recyclability, and efficiency of enzymes and whole cells in cascade synthesis.
This work addresses key challenges in the field of industrial biotechnology, aiming to improve the
practical applicability of biocatalysts in industrial processes.
AB - Biocatalysts, including enzymes and whole cells, are powerful biological catalysts that enable diverse
reactions with exceptional efficiency, finding extensive application in the chemical and
pharmaceutical industries. Despite their advantages, applying biocatalysts in industrial settings,
especially under non-biological conditions, presents significant challenges, such as their vulnerability
to industrial environment, poor recyclability, limited reaction scopes, and difficulty in chemoenzymatic
cascades. To address these challenges, this thesis describes a polymeric strategy to engineer
enzymes and whole cells for stable, recyclable, new-to-nature cascade catalysis.In the initial endeavor, I engineered active polymeric nanoparticles to incorporate enzymes within
Pickering emulsions, facilitating recyclable cascade catalysis. These nanoparticles were synthesized
through the grafting of polymer ligands from their surfaces via atom transfer radical polymerization
(ATRP), subsequently coordinated with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2. This method not only endowed the
particles with catalytic functionality but also enhanced their surface activity, enabling their use as
catalytically active emulsifiers. Eventually, the integration of Candida antarctica Lipase B (CalB) into
the Pickering emulsion catalyzed a chemoenzymatic cascade reaction, from acetophenone to 1-
phenylethanol, in an aqueous medium with an efficiency of up to 99% conversion and an
enantiomeric excess (ee) of 93%.Building upon the above success, I proposed the direct modification of active enzymes with catalytic
polymers, creating enzyme-polymer conjugates that contains both enzymes and polymer catalysts.
Given the nonpolar nature of the investigated catalytic polymers, I devised copolymerization
strategies that integrated polar monomers with nonpolar polymer catalysts directly on transaminases.
This resulted in the formation of water-soluble, active conjugates for two-step one-pot cascade
reactions. Remarkably, these conjugates achieved a conversion efficiency of 99% and an
enantiomeric excess of 95%, underscoring the potential of this method for advancing
chemoenzymatic synthesis.Furthermore, I have developed new methods for engineering enzymes and living cells with
supramolecules and polymer guests to endow them with novel properties for catalysis and recycling.
I have synthesized SupEnzymes by chemically linking enzymes with supramolecular β-cyclodextrin,
enabling them to perform on-demand recyclable catalysis. These SupEnzymes can operate as both
water-soluble homogeneous catalysts and, through interaction with guest polymers, as recyclable
heterogeneous catalysts. The strategic introduction of specific guests and competitive guests
facilitates dynamic switching between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic states, illustrating
the versatility of this approach for efficient catalysis and recycling. On the other hand, I have expanded this concept to whole-cell catalysis, creating SupBacteria by physically associating E. coli
cells with guest polymers, which then form efficient host-guest complexes with SupEnzyme. These
SupBacteria demonstrate the ability to recycle various extracellular enzymes and execute robust
multi-enzymatic cascades involving two or three steps with extracellular enzymes in cells.Overall, my PhD thesis is dedicated to leveraging advanced polymer chemistry techniques to
enhance the stability, recyclability, and efficiency of enzymes and whole cells in cascade synthesis.
This work addresses key challenges in the field of industrial biotechnology, aiming to improve the
practical applicability of biocatalysts in industrial processes.
U2 - 10.21996/wqjt-9j59
DO - 10.21996/wqjt-9j59
M3 - Ph.D. thesis
PB - Syddansk Universitet. Det Naturvidenskabelige Fakultet
ER -