Energy management scheme for optimizing multiple smart homes equipped with electric vehicles

The rapid advancement in technology and rise in energy consumption have motivated research addressing Demand-Side Management (DSM). In this research, a novel design for Home Energy Management (HEM) is proposed that seamlessly integrates Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), Photovoltaic (PV) installations, and Electric Vehicles (EVs). Leveraging a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach, the proposed system aims to minimize electricity costs. The optimization model takes into account Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariffs, facilitating the efficient scheduling of household appliances and optimizing patterns for BESS charging and discharging, as well as EV charging and discharging. Both individual and multiple Smart Home (SH) case studies showcase noteworthy reductions in electricity costs. In the case of multiple SHs, a remarkable cost reduction of 46.38 % was achieved compared to a traditional SH scenario lacking integration of a PV, BESS, and EV.